560

 TOURISM ARCHITECTURE IN ALANYA-TURKEY
IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

This research focuses on the relation between tourism and architecture in the case of
Alanya-Turkey during the second half of the 20th century. The town of Alanya was an
important center for coastal tourism in the so-called “Turkish Riviera” from the mid-
20th century onwards. By surveying particular tourism facilities that were built in the
period from the 1950s to the 1990s from pensions and hotels in the city center to motels
and mocamps along the motorway, and holiday villages and summer houses in the
periphery of the city, the changing approaches in tourism architecture and the resultant
urban transformation of the city into a coastal resort of the Mediterranean is evaluated.
Keywords: Alanya, tourism architecture, coastal resorts, Turkish Riviera
v
ÖZ
20. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA ALANYA-TÜRKİYE’DE TURİZM
MİMARİSİ

Bu araştırma, turizm ve mimarlık arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanarak 20. yüzyılın ikinci
yarısında Alanya-Türkiye örneğini incelemektedir. Alanya kenti, 20. yüzyılın
ortalarından itibaren “Türk Rivierası” denilen bölgede yer alan önemli bir turizm
merkezi olmuştur. Çalışma, 1950’lerden 1990’lara uzanan zaman aralığında inşa
edilen kent merkezindeki pansiyon ve otellerden otoyol boyunca inşa edilen motel ve
mokamplara ve kentin çeperindeki tatil köyleri ve yazlık konutlara uzanan çeşitli
turizm yapılarını araştırarak, turizm mimarlığında değişen yaklaşımları ve bunun
sonucunda kentin bir Akdeniz kıyı tatil yöresine dönüşmesini değerlendirmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alanya, turizm mimarisi, kıyı tatil yöreleri, Türk Rivierası
v i
DEDICATION
To Fernweh
vi i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
With this study, I took a walk in my hometown in someone else’s shoes: Someone
who is not only an architect studying history but also a tourist. While researching the
layers of economy, politics, communication, mobility, and architecture of Alanya, the
city has become another experience. Seeing that some of the coastal tourism
destinations on different continents were very similar to Alanya in various ways, I feel
the pleasure of introducing Alanya to the discourse of tourism architecture.
Admitting this sea-washed study enticed me to escape to the Mediterranean coasts at
times, there were encouraging people who made my research process rather enjoyable,
and they deserve all the thanks.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. T. Elvan Altan, for her
guidance and contagious enthusiasm for this study which inspired me more than
anything; and dear professors Pelin Yoncacı and Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu for bettering
my study with their invaluable contributions from the very beginning.
I especially would like to thank the people who cordially shared their valuable
archives, data, publications, and personal experiences: “Commemoration Committee”
of the Turkish Chamber of Architects that studied Vedat Dalokay’s architecture
between 2020 and 2022, Gülçin Güner from ALTİD, İsmail Yıldız from ALSAV,
Feyzi Açıkalın, Haşim Yetkin, Fahri Yiğit, Hayri Yenialp, and Hikmet Döngül, my
father, who also worked in Alanya as an architect since the late 1980s.
I would like to thank my dear professors Aktan Acar and Pelin Gürol Öngören, who
encouraged me in my history studies in the first place; Mimarlar Derneği 1927 for
bringing me back to the field; my dearest friends, who are spread to different corners
of the earth, Şeyma, Ece, Meltem, Salih, Berkay, Deniz, Melike, Kübra, Duarte, Giada,
vi ii
Dilara, Cem, Seren, and Burak for their unconditional love and support; and
actual/virtual hugs when I needed the most.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my dear family for their never-ending faith in
me, which helped me believe in myself to complete this work.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv
ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
2. TOURISM AND ARCHITECTURE ...................................................................... 5
2.1. Definitions and History of Tourism ............................................................. 6
2.2. Sites of Tourism from City Centers to Coastal Areas ................................. 9
2.3. Types of Tourism Facilities ....................................................................... 18
3. TOURISM AND ARCHITECTURE IN ALANYA ............................................. 26
3.1. Tourism in Turkey in the Second Half of the 20th Century ............................ 27
3.1.1. Legal and Economic Context of Tourism .......................................... 28
3.1.2. Coastal Tourism in the Mediterranean: “Turkish Riviera” ................ 32
3.2. Geographical and Historical Context of Tourism in Alanya .......................... 36
3.2.1. Accommodation in the City Center in the 1950s and the 1960s:
Pensions and Hotels ........................................................................................... 47
3.2.2. Facilities along the Motorway from the 1970s to the 1980s: Motels
and Mocamps ..................................................................................................... 51
3.2.3. Complex Peripheral Facilities along the Coast from the 1980s to the
1990s: Hotels, Holiday Villages, and Summer Houses ..................................... 65
3.3. Evaluation of Tourism Architecture in Alanya from the 1950s to the
1990s ................................................................................................................... 76
3.3.1. Urban Development of a Coastal Resort Town from the City Center to
the Periphery ...................................................................................................... 76
3.3.2. Architectural Development of Tourism Facilities from the Modern
and the Regionalist to the Postmodern .............................................................. 85
4. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 97
x
APPENDICES
A. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOURISM IN
ALANYA ................................................................................................................. 108
B. TURKISH SUMMARY / TÜRKÇE ÖZET ........................................................ 117
C. THESIS PERMISSION FORM / TEZ İZİN FORMU ........................................ 129
x i
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Graphic showing the tourist arrivals to Turkey (1972-1987) that indicates
the change of the trend before and after 1980) .......................................................... 32
Table 2. The number of tourism facilities in Alanya showing the gradual increase
from the beginning of the 1980s until the end of the 20th century ............................ 65
xi i
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Alantur Motel and a wooden bridge over the Dim River with tourists
enjoying in the 1960s ................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2. Covers of Italian and French Riviera photobooks published in the 1950s . 14
Figure 3. Crowded roads and beaches of Nice in the 1950s ...................................... 15
Figure 4. Photograph showing crowds in a typical tourism spot of Italian Riviera,
Laigueglia, in the 1950s ............................................................................................. 16
Figure 5. A medieval inn in London .......................................................................... 20
Figure 6. Plan of Alara Han in Alanya from the Seljuk Era ...................................... 21
Figure 7. The Grand Hotel, Hotel Continental, Ostende in the 19th century ............. 22
Figure 8. The brochure cover that is using the image of Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) in
Alanya to represent the turquoise coast of Turkey .................................................... 34
Figure 9. Covers of the booklets published by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism
of Turkey in the late 20th century ............................................................................... 36
Figure 10. Francis Beaufort's depiction of Alanya Castle regarding his travels in
1812 ............................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 11. Illustration of Alanya created by W. H. Bartlett and H. Adlard in the mid-
1800s, titled, “Fortified Cliffs of Alaya, Coast of Caramania” ................................. 39
Figure 12. Alaiye on the cover of the Servet-i Fünun journal in 1898 ..................... 39
Figure 13. Alanya before the 1950s showing traditional houses and the natural
coastline ..................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 14. The new city center of Alanya in the 1950s showing the new motorway 41
Figure 15. Francis Beaufort’s map of the southern coast of Asia Minor drawn after
his travels in 1811-1812 ............................................................................................. 42
Figure 16. Map showing the shoreline of Antalya Province ..................................... 43
Figure 17. Map of Alanya in the Book of the Seas (Kitab-ı Bahriye) ....................... 44
Figure 18. Touristic city plan of Alanya highlighting the Çarşı district and the Castle
of Alanya in the 1990s ............................................................................................... 45
Figure 19. Map showing the shoreline and regions of Alanya with blue markings
illustrating the spread of tourism facilities in the second half of the 20th century and
red titles pointing at the facilities examined in this study .......................................... 46
Figure 20. Taşpazarı Square and Alanya Palas Hotel in 1960 ................................... 49
Figure 21. Alanya Palas Otel in the 1970s ................................................................. 49
Figure 22. Hotel Plaj in the 1970s ............................................................................. 50
Figure 23. The signboard of Hotel Plaj (on the right) and the building of Ziraat
Bankası (on the left) in the 1970s .............................................................................. 50
Figure 24. Photo-card with Ziraat Bank (on the left) and Hotel Plaj (on the right) in
the commercial center of Alanya, Çarşı district in the late 1960s ............................. 51
Figure 25. Land network in Turkey as shown in the tourist guidebook of Austrian
Automobile, Motorcyle and Touring Club (ÖAMTC) .............................................. 52
Figure 26. Photos of Alantur Hotel in the article in Mimarlık ................................... 55
Figure 27. The entrance of Alantur Motel by the D400 motorway ........................... 58
xi ii
Figure 28. General view of Alantur Motel, D400 Motorway and the Mediterranean
Sea .............................................................................................................................. 58
Figure 29. Alantur Motel’s main building, designed by N. Kurdoğlu in 1976 ......... 59
Figure 30. Postcard showing the swimming pools of Alantur, Dim River, and
Mediterranean Sea at once ......................................................................................... 59
Figure 31. A contemporary view of the Alantur Motel ............................................. 60
Figure 32. Kabakçıoğlu’s façade drawings for Alanya Mocamp, 1966 .................... 62
Figure 33. Kabakçıoğlu’s plan and perspective drawings for Alanya Mocamp,
1966 ........................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 34. Alanya Mocamp and the gas station ......................................................... 64
Figure 35. Views of Alanya Mocamp ........................................................................ 64
Figure 36. Hotel Top, site plan, designed by Vedat Dalokay in 1992 ....................... 66
Figure 37. Hotel Top, elevation drawings of the Block-A designed by Vedat
Dalokay in 1992 ......................................................................................................... 66
Figure 38. Comparative images from Club Aquarius Holiday Village, C. Bozkurt .. 68
Figure 39. Plans and diagrams of Club Aquarius Holiday Village, C. Bozkurt ........ 68
Figure 40. Plans and views of the common spaces of Club Aquarius Holiday
Village, C. Bozkurt .................................................................................................... 69
Figure 41. Hotel Rubi, Danyal Tevfik Çiper ............................................................. 71
Figure 42. Two blocks of Hotel Rubi, Danyal Tevfik Çiper ..................................... 71
Figure 43. Floor plans of Hotel Rubi, Danyal Tevfik Çiper ...................................... 72
Figure 44. A perspective study of Hotel Drita, Danyal Tevfik Çiper ........................ 72
Figure 45. Floor plan of Hotel Drita, Danyal Tevfik Çiper ....................................... 73
Figure 46. A view of Hotel Drita, Danyal Tevfik Çiper ............................................ 73
Figure 47: Fuğla 1 Holiday Houses Complex, 1981-1982 ........................................ 75
Figure 48. Fuğla 1 Holiday Houses Complex, Site Plan, 1981-1982 ........................ 75
Figure 49. The growth process of the settlement of Alanya ...................................... 79
Figure 50. The old Government Building at Taşpazarı Square before the fire in
1943 ........................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 51. Red Tower in restoration with scaffoldings, early 1950s ......................... 81
Figure 52. The first official urban plan of Alanya, 1984 ........................................... 82
Figure 53. Local zoning plan designed by Vedat Dalokay in 1986 ........................... 83
Figure 54. Alanya Pier in the 1960s and its transformation in the 1970s .................. 84
Figure 55. Alanya in the 1970s and the landfilling operations in the 1980s ............. 85
Figure 56. Postcards of urban views of Alanya city center in the 1980s ................... 88
Figure 57. Postcards of urban views of Alanya city center towards the end of the 20th
century ....................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 58. Photograph from the booklet published in 1987 titled "Typical
Mediterranean Style". ................................................................................................ 91
Figure 59. Views of Alanya; Alantur Motel was used as the modern image of the
city together with historical and natural views .......................................................... 92

1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This research is constituted by the three dimensions that are tourism, architecture, and
the city of Alanya. The aim is to examine the relationship between tourism and
architecture, and the reverberations of this relationship in the urban context by
focusing on the second half of the 20th century and analyzing the case of Alanya in
Turkey. The town of Alanya was an important center for coastal tourism in the socalled
“Turkish Riviera” from the mid-century onwards. (Fig.1) By surveying
particular tourism facilities that were built in the period from the 1950s to the 1990s,
the changing approaches in tourism architecture and the resultant urban change of the
city into a coastal resort of the Mediterranean will be evaluated.
Figure 1. Alantur Motel and a wooden bridge over the Dim River
with tourists enjoying in the 1960s
(Personal archive of Feyzi Açıkalın)
As tourism appears as one of the most intricate concepts of the world economy in the
last century, involving geographical, political, social, environmental, and legal
2
practices, its relationship with architecture is not as common as others. Notably, the
same fields are considered as parameters of the built environment. While the economic
and geographical discourses considered the tourism phenomenon regarding its main
content as an economic sector, the architectural and urban studies are mainly affiliated
with the context of tourism. In this study, the content and the context of tourism will
be studied together in order to provide an analysis of the history of tourism architecture
by evaluating the conceptual, historical, and factual data in comparative
interpretations.
The scholars commonly date the relationship between tourism and architecture back
to the 17th century expeditions, also known as the Grand Tour. However, in the 20th
century, the developing transportation and communication means summoned the
tourism concept into people’s lives more than ever. Since the mobility of people
created the need for attractive lodging facilities for non-locals visiting tourism
destinations, urban change was inevitable by the construction of new buildings and the
appropriation of existing ones for tourism purposes. This pattern was also experienced
in Turkey, with a significant rise in the second half of the 20th century.
In Turkey, tourism industry began to develop from the 1950s onwards, and the
promotions of the state in the 1980s accelerated the process by causing an economic
and social change - mostly visible in less developed coastal cities.
There is a restricted literature regarding tourism-oriented architecture in Alanya, while
its Byzantine and, more significantly, Seljuk era architecture have been rather
extensively studied. In conservation and restoration field, vernacular architecture of
Alanya has been surveyed in recent academic studies by thorough analyses of
traditional houses and kiosks mainly located in the old town (Tophane District).1 There
are also a respectable amount of conference proceedings and studies published in the
1990s about the history and folklore of Alanya. Accompanied by the memorial
1 See for example: Nimet Hacıkura, “Alanya’da Müftüoğlu Evi Restorasyon Projesi,”
(Unpublished Master’s Thesis, İstanbul: İstanbul Technical University, 2000).; Emine Cimrin,
“Traditional Yayla Houses in the Vicinity of Alanya”, (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, METU,
1996); Mutlu Kapancı, “Alanya Kaleiçi Evleri,” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk
University, 2008).
3
narratives and photograph archives of the locals of Alanya, there are also nonacademic
researches published in the local newspapers, which supplied an enormous
source for understanding the change in the urban life and patterns since the 1950s.2
Together with the oral history studies published in economy field, scattered articles
related to tourism facilities of Alanya in the architectural periodicals Mimarlık and
Arkitekt assisted this research to survey the tourism-based built environment in the city
focused on the second half of the 20th century. Urban3 and local identity researches
include the impact of tourism on Alanya as it was transformed into a prominent resort
town; nonetheless, there are not any studies taking tourism into focus of the
architectural and urban transformation of Alanya as a resort town.
Forming the foundation of the focus of analysis, Chapter 2 initially delineates the
definitions and history of the concepts of tourism that will be dwelled upon in the
study. In order to present the relationship of tourism with architecture, the concept and
its practice will then be presented. As the sites of tourism differ from urban settings to
coastal resorts, the change in the technology, economy and society will be linked to
this analysis. Following the general context of the tourism industry, the relationship
with architecture will also be discussed via the evolution of the types of tourismoriented
architecture.
Following the conceptual and historical introduction, the case of the Alanya city in the
second half of the 20th century will form the focus of analysis and evaluation in Chapter
3. The chapter initially presents the role of tourism in Turkey in relation to the legal
and economic context in order to understand its historical development, and introduce
touristic development in coastal areas of the country, i.e. the “Turkish Riviera”, for
which Alanya provides a case of analysis. Then, Alanya will be introduced in terms of
its historical and geographical background in order to understand the context that
provided the development of tourism in the town. The tourism-oriented urban and
architectural transformation of Alanya will be the focus of the chapter by analyzing
2 Mehmet Ali Dim, ed. Yeni Alanya’nın Arşivinden Alanya’nın 50 Yılı: 1968-2019. (Ankara:
Başak Matbaacılık, 2019).
3 Kunter Manisa, Turizm ve Mimarlık Penceresinden Alanya Kent Kimliği, (İstanbul: Yıldız
Teknik Üniversitesi Basım-Yayın Merkezi, 2007).
4
the emergence and development of tourism facilities from the 1950s to the 1990s. The
initial emergence of tourism facilities in the city center, and the expansion of tourism
construction from the center to the periphery and in the periphery will be analyzed by
focusing on different types of tourism architecture from hotels and pensions in the
center to motels and mocamps towards the periphery along the newly constructed
motorway and the coast, and hotels, holiday villages and summer houses in the
periphery of the two sides of the city along the coast. The evaluation of tourism
facilities aims to help understand Alanya as a coastal resort town, and how this
development affected its urban identity will form the other line of analysis. The
simultaneous transformation of architectural design of tourism facilities from modern
and regionalist to postmodern will also be evaluated as a concluding discussion.
In conclusion, the conceptual and epitomized data will be evaluated together to
illustrate the tourism and architecture concepts together in the coastal resort, Alanya.
The tendencies and current situation following the 20th century will be reckoned, as
well.
5
CHAPTER 2
TOURISM AND ARCHITECTURE
This chapter forms the basis of the whole research via clarifications and explanations
of the main themes. Scrutinizing the relation of the two distant concepts of architecture
and tourism, the foundation to discuss the tourism architecture in Alanya case will be
constituted.
As tourism affected Turkey’s society, economy, and environment remarkably in the
second half of the 20th century, the changing strategies of governments and the planned
actions for development caused a dramatic growth in the tourism sector at the time. As
one of the largest economic sectors in the world, tourism is a complex concept due to
its close relationship with society, politics, law, environment, and technology; hence,
it is thought-provoking that these fields are also the concerns of the built environment.
Hence, this chapter initially defines tourism, and then questions the relationship
between tourism and the built environment by giving the historical development of
tourism, and by focusing on coastal tourism in order to understand tourism-oriented
architecture.
This chapter is constituted by mostly conceptual openings of the tourism phenomenon.
Therefore, definitions play a crucial role to obviate distractive side meanings.
Regarding the variety of definitions, among the institutions and organizations which
take tourism to the focus, United Nations World Tourism Organization as a
supranational organization will be one of the most comprehensive platforms to
address. So, this chapter is primarily built on this particular organization’s glossary
and standards to provide unity in the narrative of this research.
6
From this point of view, a basic definition of tourism by United Nations World
Tourism Organization is supported by a short history of traveling to help perceiving
the concept more thoroughly.4 Here, the Grand Tour, development of transportation
means, and industrialization are presented as the significant points to follow as these
issues brought a notable change in the society and economy until the end of the 19th
century. Looking to the 20th century, it is evident that there emerged a variety of
motives and activities in the tourism concept as transportation means further developed
and paid holiday regulations were introduced.
Seeing that the economy practice categorizes the tourism types due to the content of
tourism, a contextual approach will be embraced to discuss the relationship of
architecture, urbanization, and tourism. In this regard, urban/city tourism and coastal
tourism will highlight the relationship between tourism and built environment.
Initially, tourism’s social and urban reverberations will be highlighted by looking at
the historical background and the reflections in the visual media, and then the part will
examine the broad literature of studies concerning tourism and coasts in the 20th
century as the peak era of coastal tourism worldwide. As the case of analysis in this
study is Alanya, a Mediterranean coastal settlement, the focus will be on the coastal
areas, where architecture’s role in the development patterns of tourism will be
presented. Closing the arguments of this part will open the way of approaching the
tourism-oriented architecture in depth via analyzing typologies of touristic facilities.
2.1. Definitions and History of Tourism
First In 1979, Leiper explained tourism as a complex concept with a dynamic
definition that changed depending on the point of one’s view.5 Since this complex
phenomenon affects economy, society, and culture, it has been considered in a number
of ways depending on the different perspectives of different professions. On this basis,
defining tourism in a single form is not easy due to its intricate nature. Also, studying
4 World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Tourism Definitions, (Madrid, 2019), DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420858.
5 Neil Leiper, “The Framework of Tourism: Towards a Definition of Tourism, Tourist, and the
Tourist Industry,” Annals of Tourism Research, VI (4), (1979): 390–407.
7
such a multifaceted concept could cause ambiguities if the term and its connotations
are not clear. Before starting the discussions, the United Nations World Tourism
Organization’s definition of tourism will be useful to clarify the position of this study:
Tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon which entails the movement
of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or
business/professional purposes.6
As tourism requires mobility at its simplest meaning, understanding the development
of the traveling concept is a significant step to approximate a more accurate description
of this phenomenon. The earliest traveling activities considered as tourism started
before the industrialization of the Western world. In the chapter named “Of Travel” in
the book of Essays (the first publication in 1597), Francis Bacon stated that “travel is
good for the youth to learn, for the old to experience.” He promoted land travel instead
of sea voyages, emphasizing more chances of observances on the land.7 Parallel to
what Bacon suggested, the British bureaucrats journeyed through specific European
cities in the 17th and 18th centuries, intending to improve themselves in terms of
knowledge. This activity of the wealthy young men was called the Grand Tour.
Following the public acquaintance of journeying provided by the higher class through
their Grand Tour expeditions, the development of the transportation means and
industrialization in the 19th century provoked the interest in travel to spread to a
broader population. The motives of traveling changed regarding the change in the
lifestyle.8
As a consequence of technological developments, the land travel vehicles changed into
railway transportation from horse carriages during the 1800s. This change allowed
travelers to reach farther locations than the European cities. Just as in the case of port
cities that had grown more advantageously throughout history, the settlements on the
route of railways developed faster than other cities from the 19th century onwards.
6 World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Tourism Definitions, (Madrid, 2019), DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420858.
7 Francis Bacon, “Of Travel,” in Essays, edited by Joseph Dewey. New York: John B. Alden,
1885.
8 Amiram Gonen, “Tourism and Coastal Settlement Processes in the Mediterranean Region,”
Ekistics 48 (290), (1981): 378–81.
8
One of these railway routes was from Paris to İstanbul, known as the Orient Express,
which started serving luxury travel in 1883.9 Sirkeci Railway Station was the last stop
in their travel to the “Orient” for the upper-class Europeans. This new recognition
helped the Ottoman capital to own a fresh image in the late 19th century by also
triggering new typologies in the built environment, e.g., hotels. Furthermore, following
the establishment of the Orient Express, to supply the luxurious accommodation
demands of tourists, Compagnie Internationale des Grands Hôtels was founded by
Georges Nagelmackers, and one of these hotels was the Pera Palas (1894) located in
Beyoğlu, İstanbul.10
As reflected in the construction of hotels following the arrival of the railway in
İstanbul, the society, environment, and economy of the capital that was in the process
of modernization was affected considerably by the quality and the quantity of tourists
who were aiming for leisure or business. At the time, aside from technology, urban
functions also changed remarkably due to industry and the lifestyle that
industrialization brought. Until the mid-1900s, fewer people in Europe became
occupied by agriculture instead of the regular jobs in the industry. Working and
dwelling areas were inseparable in the industrial towns; hence noise, crowding, and
pollution problems emerged. Demands in the lots and their prices caused dense and
tall buildings to be built to get the maximum benefit.11 As a consequence of this
unregulated growth in the use of urban spaces, dark and smoggy towns appeared.12
Additionally, these changes in the paradigm of society and economy forced people to
become less mobile as the working routine at industrial towns was relatively more
constricted. However, this new way of life caused people to be in search of resting in
9 Gökhan Akçura, Turizm Yıl Sıfır, (İstanbul: Om Yayınevi. 2002).
10 Philip Earnest Shoenberg, “The Evolution of Transport in Turkey (Eastern Thrace and Asia
Minor) under Ottoman Rule, 1856-1918,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Taylor &
Francis, October 1977): 359-372.
11 Barry Bergdoll, “The City Transformed, 1849-90,” in European Architecture: 1750-1890,
(New York: Oxford University Press. 2000): 260-264.
12 Barry Bergdoll, “What is Enlightenment? The City and the Public, 1750-89,” in European
Architecture: 1750-1890, (New York: Oxford University Press. 2000): 49-51.
9
better conditions during their free times. At the beginning of the 20th century, the
modern tourism perception emerged, and spending time in different and less disrupted
environments for short periods appeared as demand and need of modern people.13
After the initial developments of the early 20th century, tourism became a prominent
industry especially after World War II, considering scientific, political, and social
changes in the modernizing world. As the war triggered technological developments
in communication and transportation, the calm ambiance after the chaotic atmosphere
of the world wars encouraged people to spare more resources for leisure activities.14
The concept of mass tourism emerged in mainly on the coastal areas in the mid-20th
century. This novel aspect, which was stemmed from the changes in technology, new
working regulations applied from 1936 onwards that enabled workers to be paid during
holidays, and social trends resulted with rapidly developing resort cities as supported
by the political strategies of governments.
To sum up, the perception of travel evolved upon the changes in industry and
technology. The industrial revolution is a crucial point in this shift of understanding
regarding the difference in economy, technology, and, relatedly, lifestyle. Mainly
leisure and business incentives shaped tourism tendencies, and this evolution
generated new motivations and forms of tourism.
2.2. Sites of Tourism from City Centers to Coastal Areas
In the booklet United Nations World Tourism Organization Tourism Definitions, the
organization explains that tourism is an economic sector that consists of a wideranging
variety in types and operational units.15 Under operational characteristics,
United Nations World Tourism Organization lists twelve main types of tourism:
13 Heinz Walter Kierchhoff, “Architecture and Tourism,” Annals of Tourism Research 24 (1),
(1997): 249-251.
14 Amiram Gonen, “Tourism and Coastal Settlement Processes in the Mediterranean Region,”
Ekistics 48 (290), (1981): 379.
15 World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Tourism Definitions, (Madrid, 2019), DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420858.
1 0
cultural tourism, business tourism, gastronomy tourism, rural tourism, coastal,
maritime, and inland water tourism, adventure tourism, urban/city tourism, health
tourism (together with medical and wellness tourism), mountain tourism, education
tourism, sports tourism and ecotourism.16 Although these concepts are basically
grouped concerning their activities, the motives of tourists can create combinations of
these tourism types regarding the locations’ features or individuals’ expectations. So,
it is also possible to re-categorize tourism types considering their other features.
Regarding this scope of recategorization, this research focuses on the correlation
between tourism and architecture and takes architecture’s position in tourism as the
parameter of classification.
At this point, architecture and built environment concepts need clarification regarding
their variety in use in the discourse. United Nations World Tourism Organization
explains that “built environment” does not necessarily define an “urbanity” in
existence. Stating that built environment does not exist only in urban settings, any
manufactured structure can be referred to as forming a built environment. Putting this
description and architecture concept together, the built environment refers to the tactile
elements composed via the expertise of architecture.17 Here, architecture appears as it
is beyond a building. Although the built environment does not require an urban or a
rural setting, this element connects architecture to urbanism by its tactility and
potential of plurality.
Among the tourism types listed above, firstly, urban/city tourism stands out
considering its relationship with the built environment, concerning that it includes
traveling to a more exciting built space temporarily. These location-oriented activities
open a discussion about the link between tourism and architecture by questioning their
conceptual and historical aspects and how they affect each other in the context of a
city.
16 Ibid.
17 Jan Specht, Architectural Tourism. Architectural Tourism, (Springer Fachmedien
Wiesbaden, 2014): 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06024-4.
1 1
Joan Ockman’s exhibition and the book, Architourism, look at the relationship of this
duo from the aspect that claims architecture as a destination of tourism.18 They
exemplify the touristic development of Bilbao, Spain, after the construction of the
postmodern Guggenheim Museum (1997) designed by Frank Gehry. In other words,
the built environment becomes a consumable object for tourists in such cases.
However, this approach is rather a recent point of view considering that these two
concepts’ encounters date way before the postmodern approach emerged. Emphasizing
tourism and architecture’s togetherness before the 20th century, Lasansky states that
"the reciprocal relationships between the modern practice of tourism and the built
environment [...] have been inseparable since the first pilgrims descended upon
Rome.”19 This discussion will be opened further by a conceptual point of view in order
to be able to analyze the basics of this relationship.
The relationship between tourism and architecture may be approached in two ways:
architecture as an aim of tourism and architecture as a component of tourism. The
former approach puts architecture in a passive position by considering architecture as
an object to consume, while the latter implies that an already existing tourism factor
has the potential to be impactful on the built environment and the architecture. To
illustrate these two approaches more elaborately, defining urban tourism would be
useful:
Urban/city tourism happens in an urban environment that is characterized by a nonagricultural-
based economy, e.g. administration, trade, and services, and by
constituting a node of a transportation route. These destinations provide particular
culture, architecture, technology, community experiences, and products for leisure and
business.20
According to this point of view, urban tourism refers to the first approach considering
architecture as the main focus. In this case, architecture is acknowledged as the already
existing, static element, and tourism acts as a transitory agent. On the other hand,
18 Joan Ockman and Salomon Frausto, eds. Architourism: Authentic, Escapist, Exotic,
Spectacular, (Prestel, 2005).
19 D. Medina Lasansky and Brian McLaren, Architecture and Tourism Perception,
performance, and place, (Oxford: Berg, 2004).
20 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, World
Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, (New York, NY: United Nations, March 2009).
1 2
taking architecture as a component of tourism, both concepts correspond to an active
element, possibly affecting each other reciprocally. At this point, this study questions
what kind of tourism should be taken into consideration to analyze the correlation
between tourism and architecture.
Until the 19th century, hotels in the major cities of Europe were serving for mainly the
accommodation of businesspeople. This concept was not stemming from a leisure
motivation; hence, these hotels were more like inns with larger common spaces.21
When tourists began to visit cities, even if it was for a railway journey stopover, the
hotels gained a new image to host visitors who would like to enjoy the accommodation
experience further. The grand hotel concept evolved in this context in the urban centers
of significant cities.22 At this point of development of tourism, seaside resorts of Italian
and French Riviera23 became also accessible via railways. The tourists who would like
to spend their holidays by the sea, preferred these destinations for recreation. Hence,
coasts required spaces to accommodate the visitors who were mostly from the upper
strata of the community.24 Considering this process of changing trends of tourism,
coastal tourism and architecture needs to be taken into closer consideration.
To scrutinize the potential reciprocity of tourism and architecture, it is crucial to
eliminate factors that would complicate the cases. From this point of view, eliminating
the power of an already existing urbanity would be convenient. In this regard, this
time, coastal tourism concept would be scrutinized:
Coastal tourism refers to land-based coastal recreation, leisure, and sports activities,
such as swimming, surfing, sunbathing, and other activities on the shore of a sea, lake,
21 For further explanation on inns and hotels comparison see “2.3. Types of Tourism
Facilities”.
22 For the case in Turkey, see: Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu, “Grand Hotels in Major Cities of
Turkey, 1950-1980: An Evaluation of Modern Architecture and Tourism” (Unpublished
Master’s Thesis, METU, 2007).
23 Riviera (It. bank, shore) is a word initially used for the Mediterranean coasts of Genoa, Italy
in the 17th century. Later this expression was attributed to other coastal regions to define the
regions of coastal resorts from the 19th century onwards. “Riviera (n.),” Online Etymology
Dictionary, accessed April 15, 2022, https://www.etymonline.com/word/riviera.
24 For further explanation on development of coastal resorts see “2.3. Types of Tourism
Facilities”.
1 3
or river. Closeness to the shore is essential for services and facilities that support
coastal tourism.25
As the definition illustrates, in the case of coastal tourism, location is of primary
significance. Further, there is a reference to facilities that support coastal tourism.
Hereby, it is expected that coastlands to maintain tourism-oriented building stock.
Upon closer consideration, in the concept of coastal tourism, built environment acts as
a component of tourism by covering the spatial need of accommodation or such
facilities that tourists demand.
At this very point, it would be useful to take a glance at the history of coastal tourism
and resorts. Despite the definition above explains, the coasts mean the shores of rivers,
lakes and seas; coastal tourism emerged remarkably on the seaside areas, especially in
English South Coast (from Sussex to Devon), Italian and French Mediterranean
Rivieras (from Cannes to Sanremo) (Fig. 2), and the South Californian coasts of the
United States (from Santa Barbara to San Diego).26
Fernand Braudel, who created fundamental works on the Mediterranean history, space,
and heritage concerning the era between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment,
narrated the coastal spaces and their use as recreation and leisure destinations in the
19th and 20th centuries.27 Nevertheless, the earliest resort cities were situated in the
southern coasts of England, in the 19th century, in relation with being the cradle of the
Industrial Revolution.
25 World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Tourism Definitions, (Madrid, 2019), DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420858.
26 Luciano Segreto, Carles Manera, and Manfred Pohl, eds. “Introduction”, in Europe at the
Seaside: The Economic History of Mass Tourism in the Mediterranean, (New York: Berghahn
Books, 2009): 2-5.
27 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
1 4
Figure 2. Covers of Italian and French Riviera photobooks published in the 1950s
(Marise Ferro and Cas Oorthuys, Die Italienische Riviera, [Berlin: Axel Jungker Verlag,
1958]; Jan Brusse and Cas Oorthuys, Die Französische Riviera: von Marseille bis Menton,
[Berlin: Axel Jungker Verlag, 1954].)
In the late 19th century, the resorts and the organized holiday activities developed
rapidly on the eastern seashore of the United States and the northern coasts of France.28
The attribution of “Riviera” name to the coasts of Provençal region of France also
influenced the representation of this area in the tourism publications.29 After World
War I, traveling to the coasts was not as popular regarding the increased amount of
work and the rising number of the working class. Accordingly, in 1936, France was
introduced to paid holiday regulation.30 Accompanied by the development of the
railroads’ access to touristic destinations, tourism became rather democratized
considering the ease of reaching to the destinations by the lower stratum of the
community, even if it was for single-day excursions.
28 John Soane, “The Origin, Growth and Transformation of Maritime Resorts since 1840”,
Built Environment Vol. 18, No. 1, Coastal Resort Development, (Alexandrine Press, 1992):
12-26.
29 The name was coined by Stéphane Liégard in 1887 to advertise Cote d’Azur where was only
a stop on the way to Ligurian (Italian) Riviera.
30 Marc Boyer, Historie de l’invention du turisme, XVIe-XIXe siècles, (La Tour d’Aigues:
Editions de l’Aube, 2000).
1 5
The holiday legislation in 1936 speeded up the construction of hotels in the French
Riviera when this novel regulation was backed by the French government by
prioritizing the enterprises of tourism facilities in this region. This change in the
tourism industry brought the concept of mass tourism, which was developed
specifically in the post-war era, corresponding to the European society’s favor of the
mass consumption.31 (Figs. 3-4)
Figure 3. Crowded roads and beaches of Nice in the 1950s
(Cas Oorthuys, Die Französische Riviera: von Marseille bis Menton,
[Berlin: Axel Jungker Verlag, 1954].)
31 Ibid.
1 6
Figure 4. Photograph showing crowds in a typical tourism spot
of Italian Riviera, Laigueglia, in the 1950s
(Cas Oorthuys, Die Italienische Riviera,
[Berlin: Axel Jungker Verlag, 1958].)
Considering the history of coastal tourism, it would be appropriate to infer that it was
mainly fueled by the development of mobility. The ways of transportation evolved in
a way to support tourism in faraway lands, especially the spots of the “sun-sea-sand”
trio (3S) from the late 19th century. Together with the convenience of the mobility,
until the early 20th century, the resorts’ growth was also related with the trends of the
society.32 Soane claims that the new industrialized urban lifestyle “[…] presupposed a
need for a more intensive and personal relationship with the physical environment and
assumed an increasing ability to create out of nothing, distinctive spatial and
32 John Soane, “The Origin, Growth and Transformation of Maritime Resorts since 1840”,
Built Environment Vol. 18, No. 1, Coastal Resort Development, (Alexandrine Press, 1992):
12-26.
1 7
consumption-orientated localities, i.e., resorts, to fulfil these societal ambitions”.33 The
fashion of spending the summer in the Mediterranean coasts was also propagated by
famous painters, authors, and tourists including Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald in the
1920s.34
During the first half of the 20th century, the French Riviera was welcoming a
significant number of tourists during summer seasons as an important site of coastal
tourism. Further, tourism in the French Riviera also became the main theme of the
documentaries of two subsequent generations’ directors: Jean Vigo and Agnès Varda.
À propos de Nice (1930), a silent film of Vigo, starts with a tourist couple taking off
from the train in Nice. However, the reason for the development of tourism at the
southern coasts of Europe was not only accessibility but the change in the cultural
tendencies as well. Similar issues were highlighted in Varda’s documentary Du Côté
de la Côte (1958) that was financed by the French Tourism Office.35
As Gonen explains, the Mediterranean countries have attracted tourists for their rich
historical heritage, including ancient cities, villages, monumental buildings, works of
art, heroic battlefields, and archaeological sites. However, in the twentieth century,
tourists of the Mediterranean countries have become more likely to prefer coastal areas
for vacations. European tourists, especially those from lower-income groups, started
to visit the Mediterranean coasts not so much to appreciate the cultural and historical
heritage but to enjoy the warm climate and beaches.36 It is evident that the tourism
perception was modernized with the need of the modern individual who preferred
spending holidays by traveling to destinations with relaxation opportunities rather than
cultural attractions. This cultural shift that carried mass tourism in the coasts into the
33 Marc Boyer, Historie de l’invention du turisme, XVIe-XIXe siècles, (La Tour d’Aigues:
Editions de l’Aube, 2000).
34 Bernard Toulier, L’influence de guides touristiques dans la representation et la construction
de l’espace balnéaire 1859-1950, (CNRS, UMR 22, 2002).
35 Claudia Gorbman, “Finding a Voice: Varda’s Early Travelogues.” SubStance 41 (128),
(2012): 40–57.
36 Amiram Gonen, “Tourism and Coastal Settlement Processes in the Mediterranean Region,”
Ekistics 48 (290), (1981): 378–81.
1 8
spotlight was also related to the politics, economy, and legal regulations. Respectively,
the rise of the mass tourism affected the built environment in the second half of the
20th century.
2.3. Types of Tourism Facilities
Tourism requires spaces to realize recreational activities, lodging, and catering
services. From this point of view, architecture serves tourism with diverging spatial
organizations depending on the changing programs of the industry. In this regard,
accommodation is a major part of the tourism concept in general.37
Scholars categorize accommodation types in various sets depending on different
criteria. Since a design-based classification of the accommodation types was not
clearly put before, tourism and economy studies would be beneficial in analyzing the
production of tourism facilities. In this regard, some specialized dictionaries for
tourism and guidebooks for clarifying the tourism concepts were published beginning
from the mid-century, when mass tourism gained an ever-increasing significance in
the so-called developed and developing countries of the time.
While tourism facilities were increasing in number, the advanced tourist circulation to
tourism destinations brought a need of consistent approaches in the tourism industry.
Along with the opening of tourism schools, tourism dictionaries and reference books
were prepared in countries which were leading the tourism sector. At this point, these
sources were translated into other languages to meet the standards set by these
governments.38 For instance, an international tourism dictionary was published in 1965
by the Ministry of Tourism and Promotions in Turkey, translated from the original
French equivalent.
The tourism accommodation facilities mentioned in this dictionary could be listed as:
hotels, motels, camping grounds, mountain chalets/huts, guest houses, inns/hostels,
37 In this case, excursions, which do not contain overnight stays, are ignored.
38 Turizm ve Tanıtma Bakanlığı, “Önsöz”, in Uluslararası Turizm Sözlüğü. (Ankara: Başnur
Matbaası, 1965).
1 9
holiday houses, palaces (luxury hotels), and holiday villages. Later, in 2007, Lominé
and Edmunds broke down tourism accommodation facilities into eight groups
depending on their general concepts:
Hotels, motels, hostels;
Guesthouses, bed and breakfast, farmhouse accommodation;
Self-catering accommodation (apartments, cottages and gites);
Timeshare;
Camping and Caravan sites;
Medical facility accommodation, health care centers;
Cruise liners and ferries;
Other types of accommodation (such as sleeping carriages on night trains)39
The changing work conditions, developing communication and transportation
possibilities, trends, and economic issues affected the multiplying of the sub-types of
tourism facilities since the beginning of the lodging sector. By explaining the types of
facilities, tourism-oriented architecture could be illustrated to a further extent.
The word “hotel” comes from the Latin noun, hospes, meaning “host” in the first place.
Later, the words, “hospital”, “hostel” and “hôtel” (Fr.) were derived from this same
base with a meaning of “lodging or place to stay”. Parallel to the early precedence of
this basic concept of accommodation, hotels are one of the most varying type in
lodging facilities by their size, location, amenities, and qualities. Holiday resorts,
commercial hotels, luxury hotels (palaces), bed-and-breakfasts, themed hotels, and
boutique hotels would be counted as the secondary types evolved from the hotel
concept.40 Despite this variation of the concept, hotels differ from other concepts, as
well, by size, setting, and the service. To explain briefly, holiday villages are a type of
resorts which are low-density hotels in nature with many amenities; motels are the
examples which are situated out of the town along motorways; camping grounds and
inns/hostels are mostly located at the places where nature plays the main role; the
second house concept is a wider type in terms of the individuality and liberty served
for tourists. Further explaining these types in a historical order will elaborate the
evolution of tourism architecture in relation with the spirit of the time.
39 Richard Medlick and Susan Ingram, The Business of Hotels, (Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2002).
40 Turizm ve Tanıtma Bakanlığı, Uluslararası Turizm Sözlüğü, (Ankara: Başnur Matbaası,
1965).
2 0
Inns and hostels were the earliest and the most basic types for overnight stays. For
ages, inns, caravanserais, and hostels served travelers who were wandering along the
trade and pilgrimage routes crossing the continents, as safe spots with stables for
resting and spending the nighttime. (Figs. 5-6) Although their styles, services, and
qualities varied up to time and place, these typologies were basically made of dorm
rooms with dining facilities in common areas.41
Figure 5. A medieval inn in London
(Holland, 1971)
41 Meeting very fundamental needs of the travelers, this typology is still trending among
backpackers in the 21st century, for short stays in the urban centers as a cheaper option.
2 1
Figure 6. Plan of Alara Han in Alanya from the Seljuk Era
(Erdmann, 1961)
Similar to inns, hotels were known as one of the earliest facilities seen in East and
West in resembling concepts.42 Pevsner claims that the “urban” hotels derived from
the inns related to the 16th century French town house, hôtel.43 The difference was in
the size and amenities as hotels were larger than inns in size, significantly in the
common spaces. Hôtel was seen as an aristocratic and sophisticated urban building in
the pre-industrial city.44 When the line between the classes were getting blurry in the
end of the 17th century, hôtel lost its sophisticated meaning and used only for the town
houses of families. Macdonald claims that urban hotels were derived from inns and
town houses after the 1770s, regarding the refinement of taste of the upper-class locals
42 For further architectural information on ryokan and minshuku concepts of Japanese culture
in the 19th century: J.M. Richards, An Architectural Journey in Japan. (London: Architectural
Press, 1963).
43 Nikolaus Pevsner, A History of Building Types, (1976).
44 Ibid. p. 144.
2 2
and change in the typology by addition of new features to these facilities: restaurants,
entertainment rooms, and ball rooms.45 With the increasing convenience of
transportation, coastal resorts and health facilities, i.e. spas, emerged as new types. A
wide range of motivations of people, including sunlust getaways, business trips,
railway stopovers46, and cultural tours caused a differentiation of setting and features
of the hotels in the following centuries. Hotels were mainly spread in the urban settings
and the seaside, while their features changed by adapting the currents of the era. (Fig.
7)
Figure 7. The Grand Hotel, Hotel Continental, Ostende in the 19th century
(Herbert Lachmayer et al., 1991)
Parallel to the changes in technology and transportation vehicles, traveling with cars
became widespread in the 20th century. In the United States, the trend of traveling with
personal automobiles caused commercial hotels in cities to meet the demands of
parking place by adding garage buildings close to hotel buildings. These annexes were
convenient only for the higher quality facilities, also depending on the space in the plot
45 Ibid. p. 145.
46 For further reading on the Grand Hotels in general: Herbert Lachmayer, Christian Gargerle
and Géza Hajós, The Grand Hotel, (1991). And in Turkey: Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu, “Grand
Hotels in Major Cities of Turkey, 1950-1980: An Evaluation of Modern Architecture and
Tourism” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, METU, 2007).
2 3
in the urban setting. By the 1920s, the limitations of parking services in cities advanced
the popularity of motels.47
Motel, as a term, is directly derived by blending the words of “motor” and “hotel”.
Motel type was predominantly popular in the United States in the mid-20th century due
to the rising automobile ownership. This type includes low-density accommodation
units, situated along main motorways, generally excluding some services as different
from hotels. Although the motel concept stems from the accommodation needs for
overnight stays of travelers, in the late 1950s, motels started to change into resorts for
tourists who would like to spend their weekends or holidays outskirts of the town. In
the article, dated 1958, titled “The Motel: The Horizontal Hotel”, Adams claims that
motels were “no longer exclusively roadside inns; they have moved into both big and
small cities as motel-hotels. In fact, in some cities, hotel owners are building motels
next door to their hotels.”48 Towards the end of the 20th century, poorly featured
versions of these facilities were preferred for short stays of romantic getaways or lower
income lodging, even though higher quality resort-motels were still existing.
Of lower budget travels, camping was a popular tourism activity beginning from the
late 19th century. While camping grounds did not include built structures for services,
mocamps came up as a niche typology between motels and camping facilities in the
post-war context of motor vehicles. According to the definition in the dictionary,
Mocamp is a touristic accommodation concept, referring to motor + camp, also
emerged as a type in Turkey in the 1960s.49
In the article of the Mimarlık journal, Kabakçıoğlu explains how camping facilities
were proposed as facilities of convenience at the beginning. Firstly, the expenses of
47 Lisa Pfueller Davidson, “"A Service Machine": Hotel Guests and the Development of an
Early-Twentieth-Century Building Type” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture Vol. 10,
Building Environments (Vernacular Architecture Forum, 2005): 113-129.
48 Jean Adams, “The Motel: A Horizontal Hotel,” Landscape Architecture Magazine Vol. 49,
No. 3, (American Society of Landscape Architects, Spring 1959): 165.
49 “Meaning of Mocamp in English.” n.d. Lexico. Accessed February 6, 2022.
https://www.lexico.com/definition/mocamp.
2 4
construction and staff were lower compared to motels and hotels regarding their
smaller sizes. However, the capacity of service was not as small.50 Hence, mocamps
provided a model of transition to motels and hotels until the tourism industry was
capable of them in the following years.
As an alternative for the short stay facilities, owning properties to spend holidays or
for seasonal use was in a rising trend in the 20th century. In the 1980s, there was a
growing tendency among wealthy Europeans to possess a second home. Although
owning a second home or changing residence upon retirement is not of the tourism's
direct scope, they form an influential element in transforming settlements.51 While
originally the concept was of houses in apartment blocks, in the 1980s, they gained a
shape of low-density residences such as villas in shared gardens, and individual villas.
As some of these properties were fully furnished and equipped, some also had extra
amenities such as swimming pools, tennis courts, fitness rooms etc. These flats or
villas were occasionally rented for short- or long-term residents or used by their
permanent owners. In both cases, the residents would leave their houses by the end of
the summer season. These large areas of landscaped gardens and buildings were left
to caretakers of the sites and remain idle in the winter season.
Although second houses offer tourists a guaranteed availability without making an
effort for reservations, they are somewhat limiting considering tourists’ will to visit
other destinations during their holidays. Accordingly, in the mid-1960s, a new
phenomenon emerged in France: Timeshare. Stabler and Goodall defined this novel
concept of tourism as “the multi-availability, tenancy or ownership of property but in
essence it is the periodic right of occupation.”52 This concept of tourism does not cause
a dramatic difference from the typologies mentioned above. However, this concept
was a motivation to develop and vary these houses.
50 Ercan Evren, “Turizm ve Mimarî,” Arkitekt no. 326, (1967): 67–68.
51 Amiram Gonen, “Tourism and Coastal Settlement Processes in the Mediterranean Region,”
Ekistics 48 (290), (1981): 378.
52 Mike Stabler and Brian Goodall, “Timeshare: A New Dimension in Tourism,” Built
Environment Vol. 15, No. 2, Tourist Accommodation, (1989).
2 5
In the later decades of the 20th century, developments in the tourism industry caused a
variation in the basic typologies, as well. As mass tourism influenced more and more
visitors to the resorts, facilities’ size and amenities grew accordingly. This situation
was also supported by the governments via legal and economic conveniences that
would attract larger initiatives to take action in the resorts.53 Instead of the singular
facilities, larger and more complex projects were realized with higher capacity hotels,
holiday villages with luxurious amenities, and holiday complexes including different
programs of accommodation and service.
***
This chapter that analyzed the relationship of tourism and architecture via the provided
base of tourism history, examined the sites and types of tourism-oriented architecture,
focusing on the 20th century. This introduction will provide the ground for the analysis
in the next chapter that will thoroughly scrutinize the tourism-architecture relationship
through the specific case of the tourism-oriented built environment of the coastal town
of Alanya in Turkey, which was transformed into a remarkable resort destination of
“Turkish Riviera” in the second half of the 20th century.
53 For the official encouragements for tourism industry in Turkish government, see “3.1.1.
Legal and Economic Context of Tourism” in Chapter 3.
2 6
CHAPTER 3
TOURISM AND ARCHITECTURE IN ALANYA
The focus of this chapter is on a Mediterranean coastal town in the southern Turkey.
Alanya is an ancient town, dramatically grown in the second half of the 20th century
after tourism had become the main economic source for its development. Tourism had
a primary effect in the city by the dominant role of tourism-oriented architecture in its
built environment; it also had a secondary effect by thus changing its urban
characteristics and turning Alanya into a resort town.
In this chapter, to analyze the tourism related change in architectural sense and practice
in Alanya, the history of tourism in Turkey will initially be presented to act as a
framework to allow observing the city’s reactions to the specific events such as the
legal and economic context of tourism as seen in the governments’ changing economy
policies, and encouragements to invest in tourism sector. In order to better analyze the
case of Alanya as the site of coastal tourism in the Mediterranean, the deliberate
enhancement of the publicity of the “Turkish Riviera” will also be examined in the
first part of this chapter.
In the second part, before delving into the transformation of Alanya into a center of
sun-sea-sand tourism, the geographical and historical context of tourism in Alanya will
also be studied in order to understand the already existing context of the evolution of
this initially ancient settlement that also has significant natural features.
Surveying tourism-oriented architecture in Alanya in the second half of the 20th
century via the changing trends of the touristic facility types in a chronological sense,
the characteristics of the era in terms of the relation between tourism and architecture
will be evaluated as the focus of analysis in this chapter that forms the basis of the
2 7
evaluation in this study. It will also be questioned as a conclusion to what extend
tourism architecture in Alanya was parallel to the contemporary approaches in design
practice that transformed from modern to regionalist and postmodern during the
second half of the 20th century.
3.1. Tourism in Turkey in the Second Half of the 20th Century
After contextualizing the tourism-oriented built environment in the earlier chapter, this
chapter will narrow down the scope to Alanya, a coastal ton in Turkey. Thus, it is
necessary to initially contextualize the tourism-oriented built environment in Turkey,
a country with an estimated coastline of 8140 km.54 Hosting the northeastern shores of
the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey’s potential in tourism was discovered towards the
second half of the 20th century. Cultural attractions, historical sites, and the diverse
natural features were the aspects to highlight for domestic and foreign tourists. From
the mid-20th century onwards, the stagnate economy and the decreasing interest in
agriculture caused a tendency in tourism.55 However, the first reports in the 1960s
show that tourism gained significance later than the neighboring countries, e.g. Greece
and Yugoslavia.56 Turkey’s intention was to develop the tourism sector as much as the
other Mediterranean countries, e.g. Spain, Italy and Greece. This part of the chapter
will present how regulations in terms of strategies in economy and legal field were
operated, which aimed to develop coastal tourism also in Turkey as a Mediterranean
country, and hence to feature the “Turkish Riviera”
54 “Coastal and Marine Ecosystems - Marine Jurisdictions: Coastline length (Units:
Kilometers)”, Earth Trends, accessed April 19, 2012, http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastalmarine/
variable-61.html.
55 Arman Güran, “Türkiye’nin Turizm Gelişmesi ve Gerekli Mimarlık Gücünün Ortaya Çıkan
Sorunları.” Mimarlık no. 34, (1966): 7–8.
56 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivleri Başkanlığı, Turizm sektörü 1962 yılı geçiş planı.
92-576-1. 28.12. (1961).
2 8
3.1.1. Legal and Economic Context of Tourism
Starting from the early 20th century, tourism’s significance in Turkey’s economy
became official with the novelties in the operations of the governments. Scrutinizing
these changes would outline the environment of tourism in the country.
The formal developments concerning tourism and tourism industry in Turkey can be
categorized under the fields of law and economy. Further, political approaches of the
governments influenced mainly these areas in the 20th century. Thus, the changes in
the legal and economic approaches are inevitably related to the political strategies in
the case of Turkey’s tourism.57
From the early steps taken by the establishment of the authorized bodies about tourism
to the five-year development plans that included tourism sector profoundly, tourism
had always been in the limelight regarding its economic income potentials in Turkey.
The earliest significant step of tourism was the establishment of the Travelers'
Association (Seyyahin Cemiyeti) in 1923 that was renamed as Touring and Automobile
Club of Turkey (Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu) in 1930. As the date 1923
corresponds to the proclamation of the Republic, tourism had already been a matter of
fact in the Ottoman era. However, the continuity of the legal and economic
developments was not as traceable due to the change of the regime. Hence, this study
regards the Travelers' Association’s foundation as the inception of the official tourism
developments in Turkey.
The Travelers’ Association was the only competent authority for tourism-related
governmental events as a non-governmental organization until the establishment of the
Turkish Office (Türk Ofis) in 1930. Turkish Office had the Tourism Desk responsible
for tourism and promotion under the Ministry of Economy of Turkey. Even though the
official branch was in operation, it is evident that both of these constitutions
57 For further readings on the sociopolitical context of Turkey in the post-war period the
following sources may be useful: Eric Jan Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, (London: I.B.
Tauris, 2004).
Sibel Bozdoğan and Esra Akcan, Turkey: Modern Architectures in History. (London: Reaktion
Books, 2012).
2 9
represented the government in official events, fairs, and exhibitions that were seen as
great opportunities to represent the Turkish Republic as a modern and influential state
among other countries.58
In the 1940s, tourism industry’s close relationship with publicity was recognized by
the authorities. Thus, the Directorate of Tourism (Turizm Müdürlüğü) was founded as
a sub-unit of the related directorate of press and publications of Turkey.59 From 1949
on, the tourism-related events were conducted by the Tourism Department (Turizm
Dairesi) which was set up due to another legal basis.60 This institution organized
consultation meetings about tourism and worked on the making of the Law of the
Promotion of Tourism Establishments (Turizm Müesseseleri Teşvik Kanunu) (No:
5647). This legal regulation is considered as the first legal attempt to develop tourism
industry by auditing and controlling the tourism facilities in Turkey.61
Although during the time between the two World Wars, constructions of new hotels
were very few, the destructive World War II fueled technology, economy, and political
relationships in search of new solutions. After World War II, the change in the political
approaches of the Turkish government reverberated in the economy by appreciating a
liberal model by the Democrat Party.62 Contemporarily, the government of United
States proposed a program, Foreign Aid, which was containing a chain of American
hotel building investments to trigger traveling and commerce to the countries which
were economically in need.63
58 Eti Akyüz Levi, “Tarihi Çevre Korumacılığı ve Turizm.” Mimarlık, no. 286, (1999): 55–56.
59 Due to the Law of Foundation and Missions of General Directorate of Press (No: 3857)
(Başvekalete Bağlı Matbuat Umum Müdürlüğü Teşkiline ve Vazifelerine Dair Kanun).
60 Law no: 5397/17.
61 Nazmi Kozak, Meryem Akoğlan Kozak, Metin Kozak, Genel Turizm: İlkeler, Kavramlar,
(Ankara: Detay Anatolia Akademik Yayıncılık Ltd., 2014).
62 Afife Batur, A Concise History: Architecture in Turkey during the 20th Century, (Ankara,
Turkey: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, 2005).
63 Conrad Hilton, Be My Guest. (New York: Prentice-Hall Press, 1957)
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Turkish government’s state was meeting with the U.S. government’s aid program.
Following the legal promotions regarding the foreign enterprises in tourism in Turkey,
Hilton Hotel in İstanbul was built and opened in 1955, by Hilton International. This
project was an unprecedented example in Turkey as well as the other branches in
Athens and Cairo. Wharton evaluates that this initiative as it was not to meet a demand
but to create one.64 The opening of this establishment was a remarkable progress for
Turkey’s economy and architecture, as well.65
Until the mid-century, tourism-related legal and economic process of Turkey was in a
state of foundation. From the early 1950s, the proposed promotions of tourism
investments were supported by the new establishments of banks and institutions. As
an example, TURBAN (Türkiye Turizm Bankası) was established in 1955 for this
reason.66
After the military intervention in 1960, Turkish government took action for an
extensive development program by bringing the issue of “planning” into focus.67 In
1963, the first five-year development plan was launched concerning the period of years
between 1963 to 1967. This plan allocated a larger share for tourism to cover the debts
64 Annabel Wharton, “Economy, Architecture, and Politics.” In Economic Engagements with
Art, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999): 285-299.
65 Afife Batur, A Concise History: Architecture in Turkey during the 20th Century, (Ankara,
Turkey: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, 2005).
66 TURBAN was founded with a mission that is: “propagating for development of inbound and
outbound tourism in the country, setting up tourism agencies, organizing travels and supplying
transportation for them, contacting with every stage of tourism industry, promoting and
financing the bodies which will work about building and managing touristic facilities.”
Nazmi Kozak, Meryem Akoğlan Kozak, Metin Kozak, Genel Turizm: İlkeler, Kavramlar,
(Ankara: Detay Anatolia Akademik Yayıncılık Ltd., 2014).
67 State Planning Organization (Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı) was founded in 30.09.1960 and
started to work in 1961. For further reading on the public reflection for this official body:
Mahmut T. Öngören, and M. A. Asna, “Basın ve Devlet Plânlama Teşkilatı” in Plânlama:
Devlet Plânlama Teşkilatı Dergisi. No: 2/1, (1962): 137-140.
3 1
of the government by highlighting the rich cultural and natural sources of the country
in the publicity and encouraging the investments.68
The subsequent five-year plans were altered concerning the process of development,
as tourism remained significant by adapting to the changing circumstances. The second
five-year plan, concerning the period between 1968-1972, mainly aimed to raise the
income supplied by the tourism sector. Its itinerary was concentrated on the
development and encouragement of the inbound tourism by supporting the promotions
legally and financially. The following five-year plan (1973-1977) was relatively more
focused on the outbound tourism instead of the inbound one, and the emphasis on the
mass tourism was increased. In the regions, which were relatively faster developing,
the requirement of planning and infrastructure issues were mentioned. More, the coasts
were to be protected by law and recognized as public areas. The first three five-year
plans emphasized to get profit from tourism as much as possible while preserving
social and environmental benefits as well. However, in the ensuing plans, mass tourism
and encouraging private initiatives were more in the center of interest.
In 1980, the Law of Tourism Encouragement (Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu)69 was
introduced. This law was covering an unprecedented extent of promotions
accompanied by a new scope of regulations including, but not limited to quality,
employment, auditing, regional organization, urban planning in the touristic centers.70
It is evident that the governments’ strategies and actions fueled the tourism sector,
especially the mass tourism. As the 1988 dated official document, titled “The Turkish
Plan for Tourism”,71 presents the government’s strategies based on statistics, Türkmen
68 Nazmi Kozak, Meryem Akoğlan Kozak, Metin Kozak, Genel Turizm: İlkeler, Kavramlar,
(Ankara: Detay Anatolia Akademik Yayıncılık Ltd., 2014).
69 No:2634
70 Nazmi Kozak, Meryem Akoğlan Kozak, Metin Kozak, Genel Turizm: İlkeler, Kavramlar,
(Ankara: Detay Anatolia Akademik Yayıncılık Ltd., 2014).
71 This report was prepared for “A British Travel Trade Seminar on Turkey” that took place
on the 21st of July,1988 at Sheraton Park Tower Motel, London, England by Mustafa Türkmen,
representative of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkish Republic.
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claims that tourism in Turkey would be divided into two eras as before and after 1982.
(Table 1)
Table 1. Graphic showing the tourist arrivals to Turkey (1972-1987) that indicates the change
of the trend before and after 1980
(Redrawn by the author from the original in the document: “The Turkish Plan for Tourism”,
1988)
Towards the new millennium, the consecutive plans were based on the previous works’
development and integration. In this era, it is evident that the concerns about increasing
bed capacity and income evolved into a form that is more focused on supervising the
processes and solving the problems.72
3.1.2. Coastal Tourism in the Mediterranean: “Turkish Riviera”
As mentioned in the legal and economic context, in the postwar decades, Turkey’s
natural and historical sites were promoted from the mid-20th century onwards. The
tourism propaganda was assisted by advertising the touristic attractions of Turkey via
photo albums and tourism guides which were published in French and English
72 Nazmi Kozak, Meryem Akoğlan Kozak, Metin Kozak, Genel Turizm: İlkeler, Kavramlar,
(Ankara: Detay Anatolia Akademik Yayıncılık Ltd., 2014).
3 3
languages, as well. The attribution of the name of “Riviera” to the Mediterranean coast
of Turkey was referring to the title French Riviera given since the the 19th century. A
report that proposed the making of a development project in which the coastal region
around Antalya was considered and this area was named as “Turkish Riviera”, was
prepared by Fritz Baade73 in 1959. As this proposal was one of the first examples for
the development of the Antalya region, it was received positively by the related
authorities.74 Further, in 1965, an article of Baade in the German newspaper Die Zeit,
reveals the motive of his choice of using this description:
[…] Man kann die touristischen Reichtümer dieser türkischen "Riviera" am besten
charakterisieren, wenn man an Portofino, eine der schönsten Stellen der italienischen
Riviera, erinnert. Auf der Strecke von Izmir bis Antalya liegen mindestens fünfzig
mögliche Portofinos.[…] [The best way to characterize the tourist attractions of this
Turkish ‘Riviera’ is to recall Portofino, one of the most beautiful places of the Italian
Riviera. On the route from Izmir to Antalya, there are at least fifty possible Portofinos.]75
The Transition Plan of Tourism Sector of 1962 (Turizm Sektörü 1962 Yılı Geçiş Planı)
shows that the main tourism destinations in Turkey included the locations which were
accessible via sea and land travel, particularly the Marmara and Aegean regions. In the
same document, Marmaris and Fethiye were proposed as tourism development areas
by claiming the potentials of these settlements.76
Following the first two five-year development plans,77 in 1969, a tourism development
plan was prepared which was more integrative compared to the former attempts of
touristic development. This plan considered the western and southern coastline of
Turkey, from Çanakkale to Anamur. In this plan, the term “Turkish Riviera” was used
73 Fritz Baade, an economy professor who worked on Turkey’s development in the postwar
era by conducting research projects and reporting them to the government of Turkey, examined
Turkey’s touristic potentials as well.
74 An agreement signed between the United Nations Special Fund and the Turkish Government
on 20 November 1959, and the report became the basis for the work program of the project.
The program was finalized in October 1960 and made operative on 7 February 1961. FAO
(United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) was accepted as the executing institution.
75 Fritz Baade, “Türkei: Ein Paradies Der Zukunft.” Die Zeit, no. 14. (1965).
76 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivleri Başkanlığı, Turizm sektörü 1962 yılı geçiş planı.
92-576-1. 28.12. (1961).
77 Arman Güran, “Türkiye’nin Turizm Gelişmesi ve Gerekli Mimarlık Gücünün Ortaya Çıkan
Sorunları.” Mimarlık no. 34, (1966): 7–8.
3 4
to define the coastline of the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. 78 This holistic approach
brought forward the Turkish Riviera’s historical and natural union while speeding up
the construction of the land connections of the coastal settlements. (Fig. 8)
Figure 8. The brochure cover that is using the image of Kızıl Kule (Red Tower)
in Alanya to represent the turquoise coast of Turkey
(Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Information and
Promotion, Turkey: The Turquoise Coast, Şerife Sezgin, ed.,
[İstanbul: Duran Ofset A.Ş., 1981].)
In addition to the official advertisements started in the mid-century regarding the
historical-significance-focused touristic destinations of Turkey, hotel and motel guides
were also prepared and published by the related official bodies. Beside these statefunded
products, private enterprises, which were tourism agencies and tourist guides,
78 However, travel guides kept using this definition specifically for the coastal line of the
eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in the 1980s. Baedeker Stuttgart, Baedeker’s Turkish
Coast (English edition), (Norwich, GB: Jarrold and Sons Ltd., 1987); Ministry of Culture and
Tourism General Directorate of Information and Promotion, Turkey: The Turkish Riviera.
(İstanbul: Hürriyet Ofset A.Ş., 1987); Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of
Information and Promotion, Turkey: The Turquoise Coast, Şerife Sezgin, ed., (İstanbul: Duran
Ofset A.Ş., 1981).
3 5
prepared region- and destination-based guidebooks in different languages depending
on their tourist profile. (Fig. 9)
The tourism industry’s regenerative feature in coastal settlements caused investments
and employment opportunities that resulted in migrations to these areas. It was evident
that the settlements of the “Turkish Riviera” started to urbanize relatively faster than
before, and the Construction Law was revised with additions concerning the coastal
regions. Even though this law was proposing a more controllable development process
in the tourism-oriented areas, the regulation and applications stood behind the planning
in most of the growing cities.79 Similar to the tourism urbanization phenomenon of
Mullins80, many cities of the “Turkish Riviera” were exposed to private initiatives and
thus, unregulated and unplanned growth patterns were seen during the late decades of
the 20th century.
79 Murat Aykaç Erginöz, “Türkiye’de Kıyı, Çevre Turizm Etkileşmesi.” In Şehircilik,
(İstanbul: İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2017): 428–91.
80 Patrick Mullins, “Cities for Pleasure: The Emergence of Tourism Urbanization in Australia,”
Built Environment 18 (3), (1992): 187–98.
3 6
Figure 9. Covers of the booklets published by the Ministry of Culture
and Tourism of Turkey in the late 20th century
(Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Information and Promotion,
Turkey: The Turkish Riviera, [1987], Le Golfe D’Antalya, [1995],
Turquie: Côte Turquoise [1978].)
3.2. Geographical and Historical Context of Tourism in Alanya
In this part of the chapter, the aim is to introduce the factors that caused Alanya to
evolve into a resort town in the second half of the 20th century. As the historical
background and the geographical setting will outline the potentials of coastal tourism
in the city, the change of built environment will be able to be evaluated in the next
parts by the increasing accessibility to Alanya.
The city of Alanya was founded originally on the peninsula framed by the walls of the
castle, densely populated in the eastern slope of the promontory. The earliest source
that mentions Alanya dates to the 1st century BCE.81 The initial evidence of humans
81 Alanya was named as Coracesium in Ancient Greek and Roman literary sources. Greek
geographer, Strabo, mentions about Alanya with this name in Geographika in the 1st century
3 7
living in the Alanya region was in Kadıini Cave, located 12 km away from the city
center in the northeastern direction. The remains were dated to the Upper Paleolithic
Age, corresponding to c. 50000-10000 BCE. In 2017, human skeletal remains, which
date back to the Late Chalcolithic - Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE), were unearthed.
However, no findings led to a settlement that was inhabited at that spot during or after
the mentioned era.
As the geographer Strabo recorded, the peninsula, named Coracesium, was the area of
habitation at the time. Although under Roman rule, the peninsula was used vastly by
the Mediterranean pirates as a stronghold, and the earliest remarkable settlement was
built during the Byzantine era.82 A more inhabitable part of the peninsula which is
located on the eastern side, hosted the residential units of Kalonoros.83
During the Seljuk rule, the city was renamed Alaiye, after Alaaddin (Kayqubad I),
following his seizure in 1221. Castle walls’ reparations and additional urban and
defensive structures were built in this era. The most prominent buildings from this era
are located on the eastern shoreline of the peninsula: the shipyard and an octagonal
defense tower named Red Tower. Hunting kiosks and walls found in the northern part
of the city, outside the walls, date back to his reign as well.84 A palace building was
constructed in the upper part of the castle, where the peninsula was watched over
against threats from all directions. 85
BCE (Volume 14, Chapter 5.). Biographer Plutarch mentions about the city with this name in
the 28th chapter of his book Life of Pompey in the 1st century CE.
82 Seton Lloyd and Storm Rice, Alanya: Alaiyye. (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi,
1989.)
83 The name, Kalon Oros that was used under the Byzantine rule, can be directly translated
from Greek as “good mountain”.
84 In Hasbahçe district located at the slopes of Taurus Mountains, wall, cistern, and kiosk ruins
are still present. Due to the wall paintings of one of the kiosks consisting the iconic red and
white painted zigzag patterns, these remnants were dated back to the Rum Seljuk era.
85 Seton Lloyd and Storm Rice, Alanya: Alaiyye. (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi,
1989.)
3 8
Under the Ottoman rule, Alaiye remained as a settlement on the peninsula, mainly
locked by the city walls. Illustrations that were created during this era give clues to
delineate the situation of the city. For instance, in 1812, Francis Beaufort, who was a
hydrograph of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, traveled the southern coast of
Asia Minor, including Alaiye, as he mentioned in his book published in 1817. His
depiction of “the castle of Alaya” showed Alaiye as a land piece disconnected from
the main territory (Fig. 10); however, considering an earlier source, Strabon’s
Geographika, as well as in the depiction of the British engraver Henry Adlard in 1841,
the city was settled on a peninsula instead of an island (Fig. 11). The upper area of the
shipyard of the fortified peninsula was seen as the setting of the city. Later, the late
19th-century journal Servet-i Fünun included a photograph of Alaiye on the cover of
an issue, in 1898 (1314). This illustration also shows that the settlement was still
locked in the same area (Fig. 12). Similarly, photographs taken by locals during the
early 20th century show the general views of the peninsula and the hills, illustrating
scattered residential buildings in the flatlands settled in the citrus gardens. (Figs. 13-
14)
Figure 10. Francis Beaufort's depiction of Alanya Castle regarding his travels in 181286
(Francis Beaufort, Karamania, [London: R. Hunter, 1817].)
86 Descriptions on the image:
“Cliffs 500 feet perp. - Galley arches. - Land’ place. Tower 120 feet high. - Dist’ hill
resembling a breast”, “Alaya, the antient Coracesium”.
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Figure 11. Illustration of Alanya created by W. H. Bartlett and H. Adlard in the mid-1800s,
titled, “Fortified Cliffs of Alaya, Coast of Caramania”87
(William H. Bartlett and H. Adlard, [London, Paris: Fisher Son & Co, 1841].)
Figure 12. Alaiye on the cover of the Servet-i Fünun journal in 1898 88
(Servet-i Fünun, Year 8, Vol. 5, No: 371, [21.04.1898].)
87 Described in English and French as: “Fortified Cliffs of Alaya, Coast of Caramania. Rochers
fortifiés, d'Alaya, Cote de la Caramanie.”
88 Descriptions on the image as transcribed from Ottoman Turkish texts:
“Kaymakam İzzetlü Halil Kamil Bey’in fotografisinden” (En. From the photography of the
district governor, honored, Halil Kamil Bey), “Alaiye kasabasının manzara-i umumiyesi” (En.
General view of the town of Alaiye). The description in French: “La vue générale d’Alaya sur
la Mediterrannée” (En. General view of Alaya by the Mediterranean).
4 0
Although the city had a defensive configuration, the settlement’s later handovers
occurred in diplomatic and economic ways, as in the Seljuk case. A record mentions
that Alaiye was bought from the Karamanoğulları by the Mamluk Sultanate in 1427 in
exchange for a symbolic amount of 5000 dinars in relation to the Mamluks’ sieges of
Cyprus.89 Similarly, the Ottomans’ rule in Alaiye started in a diplomatic procedure by
ceding the city to Gedik Ahmet Paşa in 1471.90 After the Turkish Republic was
established, the city’s name was changed to Alanya with the enactment of the Ministry
of the Interior in 1933.91
In addition to its rich history, Alanya is also significant geographically as a city of the
famous trio of coastal tourism: sun, sea, and beaches. Although these natural
settlement features define the contemporary form of the city, before tourism, Alanya
was a settlement with an economy based on agriculture and forestry, with a restricted
land network in the due to the morphological conditions regarding the range of
mountains on the northern side.92 Despite the hardships of the topography, Alanya was
located on the routes of trade during the Middle Ages. While there are two known inns
constructed during the Seljuk rule, there are speculations about the use of the bedesten,
that is located inside the walls of the castle in the ancient settlement, was used as an
inn, as well. 93 As Alanya was the most western territory of the Mamluks, the
commercial connection through the maritime ways was also existing after the 14th
century.94 Considering the closeness to Cyprus made the town a stop on the route, it
can be inferred that the direction of interaction of Alanya was rather related to the
89 Kürşat Solak, “Memlûkler ve Alâiyye.” Tarih Okulu, no. XII, (2012), 117–28.
90 Aşık Paşazade, Âşık Paşazâde, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman. Edited by Kemal Yavuz and Yekta
Saraç. (İstanbul: Gökkubbe., 2007).
91 Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi, Antalya'ya bağlı Alaiye kazası adının
Alanya'ya çevrilmesi. Dosya: 73-85, 36-38-19. (23.05.1933).
92 Selman Bayrakcı, and Ebru Zencir, “Muz Bahçelerinden Turizm Cennetine Alanya.” In
Dünden Bugüne Türkiye’de Turizm, 10, (2018): 53–72.
93 Seton Lloyd and Storm Rice, Alanya: Alaiyye. (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi,
1989.)
94 Kürşat Solak, “Memlûkler ve Alâiyye.” Tarih Okulu, no. XII, (2012), 117–28.
4 1
Middle East and North Africa via the Mediterranean Sea instead of the land-based
traffic in Asia Minor.
Figure 13. Alanya before the 1950s showing traditional houses and the natural coastline
(Personal archive of Feyzi Açıkalın)
Figure 14. The new city center of Alanya in the 1950s showing the new motorway
(Personal archive of Feyzi Açıkalın)
4 2
The closest most developed settlement, Antalya95, on the west, is the center of the
Antalya province. (Fig. 15-16) Even though these two centers are 130 km away via the
D400 motorway following the shoreline today, until the 1950s, the land connection
between Alanya and Antalya had been over the valleys constituted by Taurus
Mountain range on the old route included the inns dating back to the Seljuk era. More,
Alanya had rather a closer relationship with Konya96, in terms of land network due to
the yörüks’ living pattern of migrations to inhabit the Taurus mountains on the northern
part of the city to pass the summer seasons.97 The Sanjak of Alanya was depended to
Konya Province in the 19th century.
Figure 15. Francis Beaufort’s map of the southern coast of Asia Minor
drawn after his travels in 1811-1812
(Francis Beaufort, Karamania, [London: R. Hunter, 1817].)
95 Attaleia
96 Iconium
97 Dilara Akagündüz, 19. Yüzyıl Nüfus Sayımlarına Göre Alaiye Sancağı, SDU Faculty of Arts
and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences, No: 32, (2014): 67-96.
4 3
Figure 16. Map showing the shoreline of Antalya Province
(Drawn by the author)
Moreover, the route over the sea was a more convenient way considering the logistics
of agricultural and forestry goods, which were the primary economic means of living,
before the tourism sector’s domination in Alanya. 98 The eastern side of the peninsula
was used as a safe port, as the earliest records about Alanya city mention. A portolan
style navy map of Alanya also takes part in the Book of the Seas (Kitab-ı Bahriye)
written and drawn by Piri Reis, in 1513, which is a date corresponding to the Ottoman
rule in the region. (Fig. 17) The explanation text of the map points out that Alanya was
a peninsula looking like an island that was hilly and had a castle covering it. He
identified the city’s condition as a port, explaining that Alanya was better to cast
anchor in summer season.99 In the map, the settlement was assembled in the Tophane
district, which was located beyond of the shipyard and the Red Tower. The map shows
that a bath building, a well, and a mosque were the only recorded elements of the city
outside the castle walls. The port area was restricted in size due to its physical form
and challenging climatic conditions in the winter seasons.
98 Kürşat Solak, “Memlûkler ve Alâiyye.” Tarih Okulu, no. XII, (2012), 117–28.
99 Feray Coşkun, “Piri Reis ve Haritası,” Atlas, (March, 2013).
4 4
Figure 17. Map of Alanya in the Book of the Seas (Kitab-ı Bahriye)
(Piri Reis, 1513)
In summary, through the inconveniences of the physical network, Alanya remained
somewhat isolated instead of being a center of commerce until the second half of the
20th century.
In the 1950s, the city became more accessible with the motorway, as the locals call
“Tourist Route,” between Antalya and Alanya, and later, Alanya and Mersin.100 Later,
the airport in Lara, Antalya was opened for domestic flights in 1960 and upgraded to
an international identity in 1985.101 The airport played a crucial role for Alanya as well
as Antalya in case of the development of the tourism industry by making the visits
easier. The increment of the accessibility of the city is counted as one of the main
factors that helped tourism industry to gain a promising significance in Alanya. (Fig.
100 Burcu Kaya, “Alanya’da 1985 Öncesi Konaklama İşletmelerinin Arazi Sahipliği
Bağlamında İncelenmesi.” In III. Disiplinlerarası Turizm Araştırmaları Kongresi, edited by
Nazmi Kozak and Osman E. Çolakoğlu, (Detay Yayıncılık, 2014): 200–213.
101 Esin Bölükbaş Dayı, “The Formation of a Modern City: Antalya, 1920s-1980s,” (MA
Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2019).
4 5
18) This change in the city’s countenance brought novelties to the city in terms of the
built environment.
Figure 18. Touristic city plan of Alanya highlighting the Çarşı district
and the Castle of Alanya in the 1990s
(Anonymous)
3.3. Emergence and Development of Tourism Architecture in Alanya
The long Ottoman era in Alaiye and the early years of the Republic in Alanya kept the
characteristics of the Seljuk period’s continuation in the case of the built environment.
The urban center that had been inhabited from the 4th century BCE onwards was
situated intramurals and near the walls of the castle until the early 20th century. The
eastern coastal area was used as a dock area where the workshops were located. The
early 20th century documents show that the downhill and the flatlands between the
peninsula and the mountains were occupied by residences scattered to the broad
agricultural areas.
Alanya’s urban form changed dramatically starting from the mid-20th century. Tracing
the footprints back to the first decades of the century, tourism is the leading factor that
caused this transformation. The side factors that contributed to this change in the urban
form depended on the shifts concerning both governmental and global issues, which
were the developments in technology regarding communication and transportation;
education; governments’ economic strategies; and accordingly, the growth of the
4 6
population. However, all these side factors and tourism reciprocally affected each
other, while more and more people depended their lives on tourism.
The tourism-oriented architecture in Alanya started with the created demand of
accommodation after the discovery of the Damlataş cave accompanied by the
motorway passing through the city in the early 1940s.102 As health tourism was the
first itinerary that was used to beacon the tourists, cultural and historical context,
together with the mild climate and sandy beaches caused the most noteworthy impact
in the city’s representation.
Figure 19. Map showing the shoreline and regions of Alanya with blue markings
illustrating the spread of tourism facilities in the second half of the 20th century
and red titles pointing at the facilities examined in this study
(Drawn by the author)
To analyze the impact of tourism in architecture of Alanya, the tourism-oriented
architecture will be surveyed in this part of the chapter in relation to the context of
national as well as international developments through the examples of architectural
types that chronologically emerged in the city in the second half of the 20th century.
102 T. C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı: Antalya-Manavgat-Alanya yolu
inşaatının emaneten yaptırılması. 93-124-11, (23.01.1941).; Antalya-Burdur ve Antalya-
Manavgat-Alanya yollarının yapımı için Antalya iline 50 000 liralık yardım yapılması. 96-82-
2, (23.09.1941).; Antalya-Manavgat-Alanya yolu inşaatının tamamlanması için Antalya iline
100 000 lira ve Konya'daki Silo yolunun tamamlanması için de adı geçen ile 10 000 lira
verilmesi. 99-69-3, (04.08.1942).; Antalya-Manavgat-Alanya yolunun tamiri için Antalya iline
40 000 lira yardım yapılması. 101-8-6, (03.02.1943).
4 7
3.2.1. Accommodation in the City Center in the 1950s and the 1960s: Pensions
and Hotels
The inception of tourism in Alanya is almost invariably associated with the
coincidental discovery of the Damlataş cave in 1948. The exploration of the cave
during a search for stone material for the ongoing pier construction at that time
gathered the attention of people who had respiratory diseases, with the advertisement
of Galip Dere, who was a prominent tourist guide of Alanya in the 1950s.103 The cave’s
prospective effect was introduced to the world media and this development brought a
demand to visit Alanya. On this wise, the fair climate and the beaches were not the
primary reason that triggered the tourism activities in the city.
Even before the 1950s, there had been pensions in the city center consisting of single
apartment blocks to supply the need for accommodation of tourists and businesspeople
visiting the city. These buildings were located in the very middle of the urban center
or very close to it. Considering Yiğit’s narration, who is a local of Alanya and an owner
of a hotel in the city center, when these facilities fell short, the locals also hosted
tourists at their homes free of charge.104
The first hotel in the city center, Alanya Palas, was built in 1951 by the Temiz family.
(Fig. 20) Although the name included Palas, resembling the luxurious grand hotels,
this brick masonry hotel was a moderate one in size with nine rooms in service.105 The
location of Alanya Palas was the Taşpazarı Square106, and the hotel’s ground floor
facing the street was occupied by a traditional coffeehouse and shops. (Fig. 21) By
inhabiting the Kuyularönü Mosque and the official buildings, this square was the place
where the main commercial and official activities were primarily held.
103 Ali Nazım Köseoğlu, Alanya’da Yaşam Boyu: Duyduklarım Gördüklerim ve Yaşadığım
Anılar, (İstanbul: Private edition, 1992).
104 Burcu Kaya, “Alanya’da 1985 Öncesi Konaklama İşletmelerinin Arazi Sahipliği
Bağlamında İncelenmesi.” In III. Disiplinlerarası Turizm Araştırmaları Kongresi, edited by
Nazmi Kozak and Osman E. Çolakoğlu, (Detay Yayıncılık, 2014): 200–213.
105 Oğuz Korum, “Alanya Palas Oteli’ne Veda Ederken,” Yeni Alanya Gazetesi (9 Aralık
2021).
106 Also known as “Kuyularönü Square”
4 8
Another early touristic facility in Alanya was the Hotel Plaj, located right by the
seashore at the port area. (Fig.22) While the new city center was moving to the eastern
part of the Taşpazarı Square, Hotel Plaj and the building of the Ziraat Bank were the
up-front buildings in the port area designed with a modern image in the 1960s. (Fig.
23-24)
This era of the inception of the tourism facilities in the city center resembles with the
urban hotels in Europe and the United States based on the motivation of meeting the
accommodation need of businesspeople and officers. Regarding the increasing
demand for health tourism, new hotels and motels were constructed in the central parts
of the city. The north-western skirts of the peninsula were starting to develop with the
private enterprises. The agricultural fields were converted to touristic facilities by the
promising potential of this novel economic sector. One of the earliest facilities in this
part of the city was Hotel Alanya, which was converted from a gas storage in the
Damlataş district. The initiator of this action was the mayor of Alanya at the time,
İsmet Hilmi Balcı, who played an important role in the development of tourism in
Alanya during his term of duty of three years (1960-1963). 107
Although the investments of the landowners supplied a notable capacity for tourists,
the distribution of the plots was relatively small for extensive facilities. Hence, the
areas close to the beach in the urban center were occupied by hotels of similarly small
sizes and restricted qualities.
107 Oğuz Korum, “Unutulmayan Alanya Kaymakamları (3).” Yeni Alanya Gazetesi, (October
1, 2014).
4 9
Figure 20. Taşpazarı Square and Alanya Palas Hotel in 1960
(alanyamedya.com/images/49roje/17156293_392028624490940_
8129843306807633345_n.jpg)
Figure 21. Alanya Palas Otel in the 1970s
(www.facebook.com/CityAlanya/photos/?ref=page_internal)
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Figure 22. Hotel Plaj in the 1970s
(www.facebook.com/CityAlanya/photos/?ref=page_internal)
Figure 23. The signboard of Hotel Plaj (on the right) and the building
of Ziraat Bankası (on the left) in the 1970s
(Postcard, Author’s Archive)
5 1
Figure 24. Photo-card with Ziraat Bank (on the left) and Hotel Plaj (on
the right) in the commercial center of Alanya, Çarşı district in the late 1960s
(Personal archive of Feyzi Açıkalın; marked by the author)
3.2.2. Facilities along the Motorway from the 1970s to the 1980s: Motels and
Mocamps
As highways were constructed and personal automobiles and busses became the main
means of travel from the 1940s onwards, traveling to coastal towns during summers
became one of Turkey’s most common vacation styles. In the case of Alanya, tourism
facilities began to be located towards the periphery from the post-war decades of the
1970s onwards along the D400 road that was opened in 1943, where the first motels
and mocamps were opened. (Fig. 25)
5 2
Figure 25. Land network in Turkey as shown in the tourist guidebook of Austrian
Automobile, Motorcyle and Touring Club (ÖAMTC)
(Südosteuropa und Kleinasien, 1967)
Until the late period of the second half of the 20th century, touristic facilities in Alanya
were mostly established as motels. With the development of transportation and media
means, foreign tourists’ focus changed the direction from İstanbul to the “Turkish
Riviera”, i.e. the Mediterranean coasts of the country.108 Hence, transportation,
communication, and tourism industries developed reciprocally through the economic
gain feeding each other’s growth. Baade stated that it was better to travel to Turkey
with personal vehicles since railways, airways, and seaways would remain incapable
to reach particular outstanding destinations of the “Turkish Riviera” in the 1960s.109
One decade after the discovery of notable potentials of tourism in Alanya, the period
of the 1960s was an era of the changes in terms of the built environment related to
tourism. In line with the Turkish government’s tourism strategies, Alanya was
represented and promoted in the national publications by the historical and natural
attractions via the endorsement of the municipality.110 As European tourism guides
added Turkey and Turkey’s tourism facilities to their inventory and the related official
bodies of Turkey started to publish hotel guides annually, the coastal destinations
108 T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivleri Başkanlığı, Turizm sektörü 1962 yılı geçiş
planı, 92-576-1, (28.12.1961).
109 Fritz Baade, “Türkei: Ein Paradies Der Zukunft.” Die Zeit, no. 14., (1965).
110 Ibid.
5 3
became more familiar and reliable than before. For example, the guide of the Austrian
Automobile, Motorcycle, and Touring Club (Der Österreichische Automobil-,
Motorrad- und Touringclub – ÖAMTC) regarding Southeast Europe and Little Asia
(Südosteuropa und Kleinasien) published in 1967, referred Alanya with four motels to
stay at, considering Alantur Motel in the first-class category. Similarly, Hotels 1969,
a guide prepared by the Turkish Ministry of Tourism, mentions Alanya’s
accommodation facilities in the Mediterranean Region section.111 These contemporary
guides show a similar mentality and method, taking the main roads as the arteries of
tourism and including the hotels, motels, mocamps, and automobile repair services
close to them.
In the early 1960s, local initiatives established small- to medium-scale touristic
accommodation facilities out of the town center along the coastline next to the
motorway to meet the rising demand of tourists. As an example of the early
development of tourism in Alanya in the post-war period, Alantur Motel was the first
significant tourism facility in Alanya, which started to host tourists from all over the
world as early as 1963.112 The facility was located five kilometers east of the city
center, at the crossroads of the eastern bank of the Dim River and the Mediterranean
Sea. Considering that freshwater’s heat rises to 30 C in summer in the region, the
mixture of the cool stream of Dim River creates an exceptional water condition at the
site, which is refreshing during every season. This crossing also provides a nice sandy
beach, which is not a rare attraction in the case of Alanya, but clearly upgrades the
quality of the facility.
The enterprise of Alantur Motel was owned by a cooperative of physicians, including
Dr. Ali Nazım Köseoğlu and Dr. Ömür Çağlar. Although the facility was titled a motel,
the initiative was firstly known as the Cooperative of Relaxation Houses (Dinlenme
Evleri Kooperatifi). As Köseoğlu spared a whole chapter for Alantur in his book, it
was a facility that obtained the 42nd certificate of Turkey’s Ministry of Tourism on the
111 Ministry of Tourism and Information of Turkey, Turkey Hotels 1969, (Ankara: Ajans-Türk
Press, 1969).
112 Feyzi Açıkalın, “42 No’lu İşletme, Alantur.” Yeni Alanya Gazetesi, (January 17, 2017).
5 4
28th of August in 1963. However, the opening ceremony took place in 1965 at the
beginning of the summer season, on the 5th of June.113 Since the motel’s name was not
mentioned in a catalog published by the Ministry of Tourism and Information of
Turkey in 1963, Alantur Motel was possibly in use with its older name until the
opening ceremony. In the catalog of Turkey Hotels 1969, Alantur Motel appears as one
of the most qualified facilities in the Mediterranean region.114
Despite its importance as a keystone in Alanya’s tourism architecture, Alantur Motel
has not been evaluated with its architecture at all. Even the architects’ names were not
mentioned in the official and other records. This situation causes speculations about
this disinterest in the architecture and the architect that the design was not considered
as valuable as the corporate history of the facility. Moreover, the consequent
expansions and changes in the facility after its first establishment can be one of the
reasons. At this point, the first remarkable architectural information on Alantur Motel
appears, by chance, in an article about the impact of modern architecture in Turkey,
published in 1984.115 Two small images of the motel’s new buildings were published
with the explanation of “N. Kurdoğlu. Alantur Oteli.”. Regarding this clue, the
architectural history of Alantur reveals itself to a wider extent with a comparative
reading of the corporate history of the facility. (Fig. 26)
113 Ali Nazım Köseoğlu, Alanya’da Yaşam Boyu: Duyduklarım Gördüklerim ve Yaşadığım
Anılar, (İstanbul: Private edition, 1992).
114 Ministry of Tourism and Information of Turkey, Turkey Hotels 1969, (Ankara: Ajans-Türk
Press, 1969).
115 Doğan Kuban, Mehmet Adam, Zafer Akay, Erdem Aksoy, Sibel Dostoğlu, Niyazi Duranay,
Haldun Ertekin, et al. “Söyleşi: Modern Mimarlık Hareketinin Türkiye’deki Etkileri.”
Mimarlık, no. 209–210, (1984): 24–34.
5 5
Figure 26. Photos of Alantur Hotel in the article in Mimarlık
(Doğan Kuban, Mehmet Adam, Zafer Akay, Erdem Aksoy, Sibel Dostoğlu, Niyazi Duranay,
Haldun Ertekin, et al. “Söyleşi: Modern Mimarlık Hareketinin Türkiye’deki Etkileri.”
Mimarlık, no. 209–210, (1984): 24–34.)
In the beginning, the facility consisted of bungalows of relaxation houses. As an
extraordinary feature of the facility, the beach surrounded the resort area from two
sides, which allows a shallow and wide sandy beach as one of its most striking
symbols. (Fig. 27) The buildings of the facility were separated into the programs. The
building that was welcoming customers was a cubic shaped two-story wooden
structure including the restaurant section. The bed units that were also wooden were
5 6
attached to each other and constituted a C shape, and each cubic unit was accessed
individually from the courtyard which was a characteristic feature of motels in the
1960s. (Fig. 28) In 1966, the number of units was doubled up with new units with the
reinforced concrete structure.116 “The motel was not remarkable in an architectural
sense, but the amenities were fine”, as it was claimed in the article of Evren in 1967.117
In 1966, ANTUR Tourism Company was founded by increasing the main capital of
the enterprise with the intention of advertising the motel internationally. The year 1974
was a milestone for Alantur, when the facility was bought by the Doğuş Group, which
was one of the most prominent business enterprises of Turkey at that time.118 Due to
the investments, the increasing demand caused by commercials, and the motel’s
reputation, an extension project was conducted in 1976. Timing of this extension
project makes sense by matching with the Third Five-Year Development Plan, in terms
of the changing focus to the outbound and mass tourism in Turkey.
Architect Nevzat Kurdoğlu119 designed in 1976 a four-story building to the western
area of the existing blocks of the motel. (Figs. 29-30) This relatively spacious block
mainly served the accommodation units in the two symmetrical wings and these wings
were connected with another part consisting of the circulation spaces, reception area,
management offices, and a conference room. As compared with the contemporary
examples in the region, the facility had an outstanding concept. Additionally, open-air
and indoor pool and disco buildings were designed between the building and the beach
as complementary.
The new structures followed the modernist sense of design in terms of functionality,
materials, and colors. The rounded edges in plans and façades and converging
geometric volumes were the characteristics of the image of Alantur. As an example,
116 Bengüsu Döngül, “Alantur Motel.” In Docomomo_Tr Türkiye Mimarlığında Modernizmin
Yerel Açılımları XVII. Poster Sunuşları Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 54. (2021).
117 Ercan Evren, “Turizm ve Mimarî,” Arkitekt no. 326, (1967): 67–68.
118 Feyzi Açıkalın, “42 No’lu İşletme, Alantur.” Yeni Alanya Gazetesi, (January 17, 2017).
119 Kurdoğlu graduated from İstanbul Technical University Department of Architecture in
1958.
5 7
in the entrance of the main building and the disco building, the window openings at
the corners were following the rounded line of the walls with the bent glasses. The
main building’s symmetrical wings end with two elliptic cylindrical volumes and the
façade facing the motorway was covered with wood-framed hemicycle windows.
Additionally, the pool building was designed in a circular plan, the structure constitutes
a dome with exaggerated structural arches of reinforced concrete.
The last remarkable change of the facility’s building stock, which was the demolition
of the old bed-units and building a new block of accommodation and another
swimming pool, happened in the new millennium, in 2005. (Fig. 31) The design of the
last building conserved the notion of the older units by keeping the concept of the
open-air circulation, the cubic motel image, and the name, bungalow.
As this survey illustrates, Alantur dynamically adapted to the shifts in the architectural
practice and economic situations since its establishment, however, these changes did
not recede the authenticity or the prominence of the facility. Regarding architecture,
tourism, and tourism architecture, Alantur was exemplary of the construction of motels
toward the periphery of the city along the motorway, and hence is a milestone in the
history of Alanya that exemplifies its growth as a resort town.120
120 Bengüsu Döngül, “Alantur Motel.” In Docomomo_Tr Türkiye Mimarlığında Modernizmin
Yerel Açılımları XVII. Poster Sunuşları Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 54. (2021).
5 8
Figure 27. The entrance of Alantur Motel by the D400 motorway
(Personal Archive of Feyzi Açıkalın)
Figure 28. General view of Alantur Motel, D400 Motorway and the Mediterranean Sea
(Personal archive of Feyzi Açıkalın)
5 9
Figure 29. Alantur Motel’s main building, designed by N. Kurdoğlu in 1976
(Yetkin Color Kartpostalları a.111 Alantur Motel)
Figure 30. Postcard showing the swimming pools of Alantur, Dim River,
and Mediterranean Sea at once
(Postcard, Author’s Archive)
6 0
Figure 31. A contemporary view of the Alantur Motel
(exp.cdn-hotels.com/hotels/2000000/1720000/1717500/1717438/93f68edf_
z.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=500&h=333&q=medium)
Besides motels, a more affordable activity of tourism at the coastal areas was camping,
which was also remarkably popular in the Alanya case. As mocamps constituted a
niche typology among other tourism facilities, they required less effort and money
from the tourists, while providing an access to alluring natural features of the region.
In the 1960s, the most prevalent mocamps were the enterprises of BP Oil Company,
Kervansaray Mocamps.121 Considering that these camping facilities were located next
to motorways, this endeavor of the oil company can be seen as a smart investment of
its time.
These mocamps were mentioned in various media as well. Alanya Mocamp was
included in the article titled “Examples of Touristic Facilities: Kervansaray
Mocamps”, published in Mimarlık in 1966. The architect of these buildings, Güngör
Kabakçıoğlu, indicates that the regional conditions were taken into consideration in
the design of these mocamps. Considering all drawings included in the article were
produced by Kabakçıoğlu, a coherent set of mocamps was built throughout the country
in the 1960s. According to this passage, mocamps supplied hot and cold water,
121 Güngör Kabakçıoğlu, “Turizm Hizmetinde Kampçılık.” Mimarlık, no. 13, (1964): 14.
6 1
showers, WCs, shared kitchens, terraces, laundry, drying, ironing facilities,
restaurants, post offices, money exchange, information desk, and field facilities such
as lighting and seating.122
In Alanya, the mocamp was located between the Mediterranean Sea and the D400
motorway and had a gas pumping area of the oil company, which is the principal
investor of the Kervansaray Mocamps. The facades of the building have various types
of openings as arches, pointed arches, and straight angled frames in an unsymmetrical
sense. (Figs. 32-33) The facility uses the topography wisely and gains another story
with a sea view. In the plans of Kabakçıoğlu, it has a large terrace in the upper part,
covered with a pergola which was shaded by a vine. However, the photographs of the
facility from the 1970s show that the covering material was changed into a solid
material. (Fig. 34) Despite the mixed-use of the styles of the facades, the building’s
scale and the plan organization were designed modestly as a characteristic of
mocamps. (Fig. 35)
The building is not existing anymore, and the location of the mocamp was not clearly
explained in the journals mentioned above. However, an unpublished travelogue of
Alexander Geigenberber illustrates the location and the experiences in this particular
facility.123 According to Geigenberger, a German tourist, he visited this place with his
friends after their final exams for a week in 1968. He reports in his travelogue that the
site’s exact location, which was in Avsallar district, ca. 30 km away from Alanya, on
a cliff with a ladder down directly to the sea. During a week of stay, he and his friends
visited the cultural attractions around, such as the Alanya Castle and the ancient ruins
of Perge. The source also reveals that there was no car repairing place near the facility
mentioning they took their van to Manavgat to get it fixed.
Aside from the small-scale tourism facilities in the city center, as Kabakçıoğlu
mentioned earlier, mocamps, accompanied by motels, compensated the demand of the
122 Güngör Kabakçıoğlu, “Turistik Tesislerden Örnekler: Kervansaray Mocamp’ları.”
Mimarlık, no. 34, (1966): 18–21.
123 Alexander Geigenberger, Abiturfahrt 1968 Türkeireise, (2018).
6 2
tourism industry towards the advancement of larger facilities along the coastal
motorway. While the building stock was limited in number, the architectural features
of the facilities were parallel to these constraints. Although some prominent tourist
spots going forward, the general situation does not change with the local enterprises
until Tourism Development Area was officially defined in 1969 and the holiday in
Alanya concept became widespread afterwards.
Figure 32. Kabakçıoğlu’s façade drawings for Alanya Mocamp, 1966
(Kabakçıoğlu, Güngör. 1966. “Turistik Tesislerden Örnekler: Kervansaray Mocamp’ları.”
Mimarlık, no. 34: 18–21.)
6 3
Figure 33. Kabakçıoğlu’s plan and perspective drawings for Alanya Mocamp, 1966
(Kabakçıoğlu, Güngör. 1966. “Turistik Tesislerden Örnekler: Kervansaray Mocamp’ları.”
Mimarlık, no. 34: 18–21.)
6 4
Figure 34. Alanya Mocamp and the gas station
(p.facebook.com/BpinTurkiye/photos/a.471435126313452/2368333109956968/?type=3)
Figure 35. Views of Alanya Mocamp
(Postcard, Author’s Archive)
6 5
3.2.3. Complex Peripheral Facilities along the Coast from the 1980s to the 1990s:
Hotels, Holiday Villages, and Summer Houses
Following the promoted mass tourism and investments in tourism by the government
in the post-war decades, the need for bed capacity was to be covered with new and
larger facilities in the “Turkish Riviera” during the later decades of the 20th century.
Alanya became a popular resort of the “Riviera” as the investments were backed by
the tourism encouragements from 1980 onwards. (Table 2) Considering the
construction technology, quality, and prominence of the buildings that were developed
at the time, the investors preferred to work with the architects who were known in the
milieu. In fact, it is also possible to find some of these designs in the professional
magazines of Turkey. It is possible to claim that, unlike the earlier phases of the
tourism-oriented architecture of Alanya, this was an era of the acclaimed architects
such as Nejat Ersin, Danyal Tevfik Çiper, Cafer Bozkurt, Nevzat Kurdoğlu, Vedat
Dalokay (Figs. 36-37), and Zafer Aldemir.
Table 2. The number of tourism facilities in Alanya showing the gradual increase from the
beginning of the 1980s until the end of the 20th century
(Alanya Touristic Hoteliers Association (ALTİD))
6 6
Figure 36. Hotel Top, site plan, designed by Vedat Dalokay in 1992
(SALT Archive, 2022)
Figure 37. Hotel Top, elevation drawings of the Block-A designed
by Vedat Dalokay in 1992
(SALT Archive, 2022)
While the small-scale facilities were spread along the coastal motorway, extensive
investments emerged in the periphery in larger areas. In terms of these more complex
facilities, mainly hotels were built in the coastal area, at both sides of the motorway.
Further, some facilities were split in two by the road. Here, the situation appears as the
fields were still small for holiday villages. Even so, a couple of holiday villages were
6 7
constructed in the western part of Alanya in the late 1970s and 1980s, because only
this part had convenient plot sizes between the motorway and the beach due to the
geographical conditions.
Among the very few holiday villages in Alanya, Club Aquarius124 stands out with its
architectural features reflecting the contemporary architectural environment of
Turkey. The holiday village was designed by Cafer Bozkurt125 in 1975 and the building
process stopped until 1983 due to the political and economic turmoil in the country.
Nonetheless, the construction restarted in 1983 and lasted in 1985. The project
consisted of a 450-bed touristic settlement with 186 rooms in an area of 52000 square
meters. The construction field, surrounded by the main road, a hill, and the beach, was
entirely devoid of plants. (Fig. 38) Since the threshold to the beach was narrower than
the main area, it was hard to connect the sea and the accommodation units visually. In
this regard, Bozkurt strategically designed the buildings in the area to provide that the
views from rooms could replace the seascape by abundant landscaping, patios, and
vistas through straight paths leading to the beach. The common spaces were located
between the bedroom units and the beach. New buildings, which upgraded the facility
to 212, 312, and, finally, 406 rooms in 2015, and theater and food court additions were
made as a result of the rising demand and resources of the owners.126
In line with the general design tendency in Turkey during the 1970s, the holiday
village’s general image presents a modernist attitude accompanied by a regionalist
approach with white painted bedroom units of accommodation with two floors and
terraces, patios, curved swimming pools, tennis courts, and social areas with roofs
covered by terracotta tiles, and all these buildings were accompanied by the rich
greenery of different kinds of local or tropical plants from the hill on the north to the
beach on the south. Nature played a significant role in the design process as it can be
inferred from the layouts of the holiday village. Considering the schemes included in
124 The name of this facility was changed to Club Kastalia in 1993.
125 Cafer Bozkurt and Mustafa Kavadarlı, “Mimari Proje: Aydın Sahil Sitesi,” Arkitekt, no.
361, (1976): 5–9.
126 Hasan Özbay, “Turizm Kıyılar ve Mimarlık,” Mimarlık, no. 231, (1988): 42–56.
6 8
the project, the architect also paid attention to the ventilation factor prominently,
concerning the hot and humid weather conditions in the region. Ponds were designed
for the inner courtyards with an evaporation scheme, and shades were used in terraces.
In addition, openings were organized due to the ventilation requirements. For instance,
the pathways leading to the bed units were designed straightly to create cooling breeze
channels. (Fig. 39) As such, the project can also be taken as exemplary of the search
for regionalist solutions in modern architecture during the 1970s in Turkey, especially
seen in such touristic facilities. (Fig. 40)
Figure 38. Comparative images from Club Aquarius Holiday Village, C. Bozkurt
(cba-ist.com/68roject/587cd9f6f127b)
Figure 39. Plans and diagrams of Club Aquarius Holiday Village, C. Bozkurt
(cba-ist.com/68roject/587cd9f6f127b)
6 9
Figure 40. Plans and views of the common spaces of
Club Aquarius Holiday Village, C. Bozkurt
(cba-ist.com/69roject/587cd9f6f127b)
Seeing that the names of the architects were more apparent in the more prestigious
facilities in the Alanya case, it can be interpreted that the tourism industry was
developed enough to hire the contemporary popular architects. For another example,
Danyal Tevfik Çiper, an architect whose works were known nationwide, also designed
a couple of facilities in Alanya in the late 1980s.
Çiper was an architect who had a remarkable design style that could be identified even
only from the façades of his building designs. His modernist approach shaped with
organic architectural tendency of Frank Lloyd Wright is recognizable in each project
that he designed around the country in different scales and functions such as villas,
apartment blocks, commercial buildings, mosques, and touristic facilities. Although
Çiper’s works are mostly located in Ankara, he has six hotel projects in Alanya, two
of which were built and are still in use.127
Çiper’s first project in Alanya, which was built in 1989, was Rubi Hotel in Avsallar,
in the western part of the city. (Figs. 41-42) The second one is on the opposite side of
the city, in the Kargıcak region, designed in 1994. Both of these projects resemble each
other visually by the horizontal continuity of the blocks that rise six to seven floors.
127 N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. (Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013).
7 0
Rubi Hotel’s area was split into two parts with the D400 main road. (Fig. 43) The
dense landscaping inside and outside the hotel blocks is remarkable. As in the majority
of Çiper’s designs, full or hemicycles that converged with horizontally fragmented
rectangular prisms with slightly distorted edges were applied in this project as well.
Similarly, in these two blocks of Rubi Hotel, the volumes of the fragmented
rectangular prism were used for hotel rooms, and spherical specialized areas were
reserved for common use. From the viewpoint of the seashore, these two separate
buildings were complementing each other in terms of the language of design, which
Çiper named as not style but character.128
Hotel Drita, located on the northern side of the main road, D400, was also reserving
the main characteristics of Çiper’s designs. For example, the horizontal stripes are very
much the same as in Rubi Hotel. (Fig. 44) But, this time, the circular detail was added
to the project as a cylindrical volume embodying a round-shaped staircase inside. The
symmetrical sense was broken by this curve, which is located slightly on the eastern
side of the southern façade of the hotel block. The hotel’s garden includes a restaurant
and swimming pools in round shape, and the restaurant’s second floor and the roof
create the sense of a sphere detached from the main bedroom block. (Fig.45-46) The
facility was decided to be enlarged in 2002 and doubled its capacity with an extension
project. The enlargements were also designed by Çiper; however, after his loss, his
projects were applied partly in 2002, and in 2010 in the authorship of Hikmet Döngül,
an architect working in Alanya since the late 1980s.
These two hotel projects by Çiper were modernist although they were produced in the
context of the late 1980s and the 1990s when the postmodernist design approach was
on the rise. The other four hotel projects by the architect in Alanya also carry this
modernist essence of his design approach. These included a hotel in Türkler in the
1990s, a survey for an aparthotel project next to Rubi Hotel, Gamze Touristic Facilities
project, and an aparthotel project in the city center, and İkiz Apart Hotel in 1992.129
128 Ibid.
129 Ibid.
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Even though these projects remained unrealized, they still exemplify that Alanya was
a city of hotels, both built and unbuilt.
Figure 41. Hotel Rubi, Danyal Tevfik Çiper
(N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. [Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013].)
Figure 42. Two blocks of Hotel Rubi, Danyal Tevfik Çiper
(N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. [Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013].)
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Figure 43. Floor plans of Hotel Rubi, Danyal Tevfik Çiper
(N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. [Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013].)
Figure 44. A perspective study of Hotel Drita, Danyal Tevfik Çiper
(N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. (Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013).)
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Figure 45. Floor plan of Hotel Drita, Danyal Tevfik Çiper
(N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. (Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013).)
Figure 46. A view of Hotel Drita, Danyal Tevfik Çiper
(N. Müge Cengizkan, ed., Tavizsiz bir Modernist Mimar: Danyal Tevfik Çiper. (Ankara:
Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2013).)
In addition to spending holidays in different types of touristic accommodation
facilities, secondary houses also appeared as summer or holiday houses as the seasonal
use of these residential units started to become more and more desired in the later
decades of the 20th century. From the mid-1970s onwards, owning a second residence
in Alanya was a trend that is a similar reflection of the situation in many spots of the
“Turkish Riviera”, from Ayvalık, Kuşadası, and Marmaris to other towns of
7 4
Antalya.130 The property owners varied from locals of Alanya to tourists from other
cities and countries, as some of them were used in timeshare concept as well. In the
1990s summer houses started to cause infrastructure problems due to the rising usage
in the crowded periods of the year, which resulted in extra efforts and waste of natural
sources in the off-season.131 Although this holiday/summer house concept caused
changes in the city’s population balance and infrastructure, the trend of spending
summers in the Mediterranean coasts kept developing.
These seasonally used residential units took their places in the built environment as
apartment blocks and low-density building complexes, e.g. villas in shared gardens
and common spaces. In addition to the single-use facilities, complexes were
constructed in the larger plots as well. As a remarkable example located in Avsallar
region, Fuğla 1 complex was designed by Nejat Ersin in 1981-82, constituting a hotel,
an apart-hotel, two sets of summer houses settlements of 44 and 42 units, and a
common area connecting these buildings with landscaping, restaurants, pools, and
such supporting amenities.132 (Figs. 47-48)
130 Aydan Erim, “Bir Mimar: Nejat Ersin”, Mimarlık, no. 257(1994): 11.
131 Georges Candilis, Planen und Bauen für die Freizeit / Recherces sur l’architecture de
loisirs / Planning and Design for Leisure, (Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag, 1972): 5-12.
Accessed via Nejat Ersin Arşivi, Architects’ Association 1927.
132 There are four projects (listed below) designed by Nejat Ersin recorded in Alanya. Two of
them were already built and the other two were in still progress in 1994, according to the
following source: Aydan Erim, “Bir Mimar: Nejat Ersin”, Mimarlık, no. 257(1994): 11–16.
Fuğla 1: 44 ünitelik turistik yerleşme projesi; Fuğla 2: 42 ünitelik apartotel ve villalar
kompleksi; Club Alara: 138 yatak Han, 154 yatak Konak, 94 yatak köşk üniteleri. (Proje);
Atayurt Oteli: 4 yıldızlı, 312 yataklı tesis. (Proje).
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Figure 47: Fuğla 1 Holiday Houses Complex, 1981-1982
(Aydan Erim, “Bir Mimar: Nejat Ersin”, Mimarlık, no. 257(1994).)
Figure 48. Fuğla 1 Holiday Houses Complex, Site Plan, 1981-1982
(Archive of Nejat Ersin, Mimarlar Derneği 1927)
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3.3. Evaluation of Tourism Architecture in Alanya from the 1950s to the 1990s
In 1995, Hunter and Green analyzed tourism’s impact on the built environment in
terms of urban form, infrastructure, image, restoration and renovation. According to
the study, when a settlement was exposed to tourism, the urbanity of the settlement
could change concerning the direction of growth; the borders of the city; the programs
of residential and industrial areas; urban furniture such as roads, sidewalks, benches,
etc.; and the social impact of the encounters of locals and the tourists. A city’s image
would change with the input of tourism causing a denser built environment,
development of infrastructure as well as landscaping, and new architectural styles.133
In this final part of the chapter, the term tourism urbanization and the studies regarding
this concept will be discussed to exemplify how tourism and the built environment
interact and to demonstrate the situation in different tourism destinations as
exemplified in the case of Alanya. Thus, the discussions about the emergence and
development of tourism architecture in Alanya examined chronologically in the earlier
parts, will be taken a step further by evaluating such an urban growth in the town, and
the changes in the design approaches of its tourism architecture.
3.3.1. Urban Development of a Coastal Resort Town from the City Center to the
Periphery
Resorts (also used with towns/cities) are simply described as the urban areas where
tourism is the primary component of local culture and economy by offering a wide
array of services including accommodation, attractions, recreation and relaxation
amenities, catering, transportation, and shopping.134 While tourism has an impact of
regeneration in terms of urban growth and development, the existence of a growing
pattern of resorts is a theme to consider in this part.
133 Colin Hunter, and Howard Green, “Tourism and the Environment: A Sustainable
Relationship?” (1995).
134 Peter Murphy, The Business of Resort Management, (Oxford: Elsevier, 2007).
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In 1991, Mullins introduced to the discourse a new phenomenon: tourism
urbanization. This novel concept epitomized those settlements developed essentially
depending on the tourism sector. The origin of the idea stems from the cities built and
evolved rapidly around the leisure industry on Australian coasts from the midtwentieth
century onwards.135 Nonetheless, the Gold Coast and the Sunshine Coast in
Australia were not the only examples of this phenomenon. Before Mullins, another
study concerning the same issue in a different destination was made concerning the
issue as coastal urbanization. This article focusing on tourism development in the Asia
Pacific, particularly Pattaya, Thailand, shows that similar changes in the cities caused
by tourism are evident in different coastal areas in the second half of the 20th century.136
The surveys of Smith show that the urban growth caused by tourism urbanization can
be identified by a specific direction that is parallel to the shoreline in the early stages
of urbanization. Here the transportation routes along the shores play a significant role
as well. When the waterfront is developed, the development area moves to the inner
lands.137 The urbanization is mostly constituted by resorts and holiday houses which
are usually used seasonally.138
Considering the characteristics of the urban growth caused by the coastal tourism in
the Mediterranean coastal settlements, Alanya illustrates a typical process that started
in the 1950s but was especially realized from the 1970s onwards. (Fig. 49) Also, Gonen
explains this typical process in relation with the socio-economic changes as well:
(There) are currently undergoing a sort of economic rehabilitation in response to the
increasing demand of tourists for non-metropolitan locations, especially along the coast.
Tourism, then, emerges as a weighty factor in the geographical redistribution of
investments, jobs, and income, and tends to favor rural areas.
135 Patrick Mullins, “Cities for Pleasure: The Emergence of Tourism Urbanization in
Australia,” Built Environment 18 (3), (1992): 187–98.
136 Russell Arthur Smith, “Coastal Urbanization: Tourism Development in the Asia Pacific.”
Built Environment 18 (1) (1978): 27–29.
137 Ibid. 32–40.
138 For further readings on coastal urbanization examples: Patrick Mullins, “The Evolution of
Australian Tourism Urbanization,” in Cities and Visitors: Regulating People, Markets, and
City Space, (2008): 126–42.; Enrique Pérez Campuzano, Carlos Alberto Tello, and John C.
Everitt, “Spatial Segregation in a Tourist City: The Case of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.” Journal
of Latin American Geography 13 (3), (2014): 87–112.
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It is evident that there was a migration to the city, especially in the late 1970s when the
tourism sector was on a rising trend. The official population census data of the city
center shows that between 1970 and 2000, the recorded population raised almost sixfold
in an ever-increasing pattern. Even since the 1950s, an unspecified amount of the
people of seasonal residents was crowding the urban center even further. This issue was
mainly related to the tourism facilities and the summer houses.139
In the late 1970s, the growth in the tourism industry triggered the tourism facilities to
sprawl in the city center as well as the peripheral areas along the motorway stretching
throughout the seashore. This rising number of facilities supplied a remarkable amount
of employment opportunities in the service sector. In addition to the building stock
constituted by tourism facilities, the city’s increasing population also created the need
for residential buildings.
This era of the rapid urbanization of the city center started in the 1970s, although a
thorough urban plan had not existed until 1984. An expectable set of problems
regarding urban formation and infrastructure catalyzed the municipality to fix the
image and operation of the city, starting from the reorganization of the city center. It
is crucial to look at the history of the development of the city’s focal points to analyze
the pattern of urban growth.
In the late 1940s, there were only three neighborhoods of Alanya: Kale, Sath-I Mail,
and Taşpazarı. Regarding the population data, the main inhabitation was at the Sath-I
Mail district, that is today’s Tophane district located on the eastern slope of the
peninsula above the shipyard. (Fig. 50) The area between the port and this residential
district, Taşpazarı, was a center of trade and social gatherings. The Kuyularönü
Mosque and the government building across the Taşpazarı square, accompanied by the
commercial units, were setting the focus of the town until the 1960s.
139 The approximate difference between winter and summer seasons was explained by Koçak,
a local of Alanya, as the winter population was around 1.500 and the summer was ca. 300.000
in the 1950s.
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Figure 49. The growth process of the settlement of Alanya
(Drawn by the author)
8 0
Figure 50. The old Government Building at Taşpazarı Square
before the fire in 1943
(Personal archive of Hayri Yenialp)
The direction of growth of the city carried the urban center to an eastern point which
is delineated by Hükümet Street starting from Taşpazarı Square and ending at the new
governmental building. This street of trade became more of a center when the building
of Ziraat Bank in 1958 and Yeni Mosque in 1962. The open-air market and the bus
station were also located in this area.140
In this era of change, tourism was becoming a promising sector. Hence, the image of
the seashore was changing in favor of the tourists and accordingly of the locals who
were making a living from a tourism-related business. The restoration of the Seljuk
remain Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) was completed as early as 1953. (Fig. 51) Hotel Plaj
was opened for service as the first of its kind along the coast, and a park with fountains
was landscaped in 1963. The small vessel pier was built, enlarged in size, and
concretized in the material in the 1970s.141
140 Feyzi Açıkalın, “Cuma Pazarı’na Mola,” Yeni Alanya Gazetesi, (October 7, 2021).
141 Mehmet Ali Dim, ed. Yeni Alanya’nın Arşivinden Alanya’nın 50 Yılı: 1968-2019. I.
(Ankara: Başak Matbaacılık, 2019).
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Figure 51. Red Tower in restoration with scaffoldings, early 1950s
(www.facebook.com/CityAlanya/photos/540567022637116)
Firstly, the agricultural areas close to the seashore mainly changed into touristic
facilities and apartment blocks. Later, the inner areas also had their share of
constructions. This kind of the sprawl of built environment along the coast and then
in the land matches the pattern of the tourism urbanization phenomenon of Mullins.
Although some partial plans were made in the 1960s by the local governments'
attempts, a regular and inclusive plan regarding the whole city was applied as late as
1984. (Fig. 52)
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Figure 52. The first official urban plan of Alanya, 1984
(T.C. Antalya Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı İmar ve Şehircilik Dairesi
Başkanlığı. 2018. “Antalya İli Alanya İlçesi 1/5000 Ölçekli Nazım
İmar Planı Revizyonu Plan Açıklama Raporu.”)
As the need increase for redesigning the urban center in relation to these developments,
in 1986, the Municipality of Alanya commissioned Vedat Dalokay, a very well-known
architect of his time and the mayor of Ankara’s municipality between 1973-1977.
Dalokay’s plan included a new municipality building on the eastern shoreline and the
commercial and recreational spaces in the area located between this new building and
the historically significant Seljuk era shipyard.142 (Fig. 53)
The municipality project was the only realized building in the plan. An open-air
theater, a shopping area with two separate concepts, and a beer garden remained as the
unrealized buildings designed in the local zoning plan (mevzii imar planı).143 In the
142 For the documents about the project, I would like to thank the “Commemoration
Committee” of the Turkish Chamber of Architects that studied Vedat Dalokay’s architecture
between 2020 and 2022.
143 Murat Aykaç Erginöz, “Türkiye’de Kıyı, Çevre Turizm Etkileşmesi.” In Şehircilik,
(İstanbul: İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2017): 428–91.
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case of public spaces, a public square next to the municipality building also remained
as unrealized.
Figure 53. Local zoning plan designed by Vedat Dalokay in 1986
(SALT Archive, 2022)
In summary, coastal tourism of the masses in central and peripheral Alanya caused the
touristic accommodation facilities to increase in number and size, which reflected as
an employment opportunity for architects and tourism service workers as well. While
masses of tourists were visiting the city in summers, masses of working class and their
families migrated to the city to make a living from this industry.144 Accompanied by
the changes in the urban functions, economy, and the contemporary appearance
through the new municipality building and the seashore planning, Alanya acquired the
image of a coastal resort town though the decades of the second half of the 20th century.
144 Regarding the population census results, the population of the city increased as published
in the local newspaper, Yeni Alanya Gazetesi: in 1990: 58.629; in 1996: 103.000; and in 1998:
128.000.
Mehmet Ali Dim, ed. Yeni Alanya’nın Arşivinden Alanya’nın 50 Yılı: 1968-2019. I. (Ankara:
Başak Matbaacılık, 2019).
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Figure 54. Alanya Pier in the 1960s and its transformation in the 1970s
(Postcard, Author’s Archive)
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Figure 55. Alanya in the 1970s and the landfilling operations in the 1980s
(Personal archive of Feyzi Açıkalın)
3.3.2. Architectural Development of Tourism Facilities from the Modern and
the Regionalist to the Postmodern
Considering the early 20th century as the peak of the modern movement which
followed the Industrial Revolution, functionality of buildings was the priority in design
practice. As in the United States of America, the commerce based urban hotels of the
1920s transformed to accommodate tourists as well as the businesspeople. This new
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urban hotel concept was defined as a "service machine" by Davidson.145 As this early
era of mass consumption in the world formed the new hotel concept, the
accommodation design had to be able to meet the novelties of becoming a “service
machine”,146 thus was designed according to the functionalist approach of modern
architecture.
Modern architecture in Turkey also started in the early 20th century, and continued to
dominate the field in the post-war period until the late decades of the century.147
Kazmaoğlu and Tanyeli’s brief explanation of the building process of the urban
environment between the years 1850 and 1990 is helpful in evaluating the case of
designing tourism architecture of this period. They divide the long period into three
groups in order to be able to illustrate the context of architectural practice and define
1850-1960 period as that of expropriations and constructions; 1960-1980 as planning;
and the 1980s as rising awareness to architecture.148 Evaluating these groups with the
political and legal regulations about tourism, especially the five-year plans, it is
apparent that tourism-oriented architecture and general architectural environment
developed in a parallel manner.
From the point of tourism-oriented architecture of Turkey, Hilton Hotel in İstanbul is
a remarkable point in both architectural history and tourism industry. Designed in 1952
in international style by Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill, and Sedad Hakkı Eldem, this
building was considered as the modern face of the country. The hotel’s design was
influenced by the city hotels in the United States in terms of the function and size, as
the used materials and the building technology were unprecedented in Turkey. While
the styles and image were adopted from the more developed examples in post-war
145 Lisa Pfueller Davidson, “"A Service Machine": Hotel Guests and the Development of an
Early-Twentieth-Century Building Type” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture Vol. 10,
Building Environments (Vernacular Architecture Forum, 2005): 113.
146 Ibid.
147 Sibel Bozdoğan and Esra Akcan, Turkey: Modern Architectures in History. (London:
Reaktion Books, 2012).
148 Mine Kazmaoğlu and Uğur Tanyeli, “1980’li Yılların Türk Mimarlık Dünyasına bir Bakış,”
Mimarlık, 1986-2, (1986): 31-48.
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Turkey, the United States’ influence was not only in economic but also technological
terms and in lifestyle.149
Looking at the case of Alanya, the design approach in the touristic accommodation
buildings was related to the economy strategies and politics of the government as
analyzed in this study. The building of tourism architecture started with the small
investments taking place mostly in the city center during the 1950s and the 1960s. The
early accommodation facilities in the city center were very much functional buildings.
Different from the vernacular architecture in the central Tophane district, early hotels
of Alanya Palas, Hotel Plaj and Hotel Alanya were basically modern blocks with hotel
rooms, in line with the architectural language of the post-war decades.
Larger incentives were in the frame in the peripheral regions of Alanya from the 1960s
onwards. These facilities were mainly located along the motorway, yet the plots
between D400 highway and the sea were especially preferred. The motels that spread
along the touristic motorway were built in a similar functionalist approach and
modernist language of the period, mostly by local architects and builders. In this
context, mainly the amenities and the service were the criteria of preference.
Moreover, this synthetical adoption of contemporary stylistic understanding was
impactful in the publicity. As an example, the photographs of Alantur Motel were used
in the postcards of Alanya besides the historical and natural attractions, representing
the city’s modern face. Comparing the design of Alantur Motel with other
contemporary examples, it is clear that the first motels of Alanya resemble each other
in terms of their construction techniques and designs with stacked arrays of cubic units
of rooms with balconies oriented to the Mediterranean Sea. Fully or semi-recessed
balconies and covered terraces were used in different examples to prevent the risk of
overheating due to excessive sun exposure on summer days. Façades that faced the
149 Annabel Wharton, “Economy, Architecture, and Politics.” In Economic Engagements with
Art, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999): 285-299.
Ahmet Erdem Tozoğlu, “Grand Hotels in Major Cities of Turkey, 1950-1980: An Evaluation
of Modern Architecture and Tourism” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, METU, 2007).
8 8
opposite direction were used for circulation spaces between common areas and guest
rooms.
The process of development of tourism industry in Alanya was fast-tracked by the
tourism policies of the government in relation to the Five-Year Development Plans
from the early 1960s onwards, and the Law for the Encouragement of Tourism in 1982.
Regarding the growth in the value of the facilities, more prestigious buildings were
built in this era of expansion in the periphery, especially during the 1980s and the
1990s. (Figs. 56-57) In this process, architects and architecture gained significance in
Alanya’s tourism industry. The design features of the facilities acquired more
significance compared to the earlier exclusively functionalist intentions.
Figure 56. Postcards of urban views of Alanya city center in the 1980s
(Postcards, Author’s Archive)
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Figure 57. Postcards of urban views of Alanya city center towards the end of the 20th century
(Postcards, Author’s Archive)
9 0
While the multiplication of hotels changed the countenance of the city into a coastal
resort, there were a variety of facilities built in different scales and design approaches.
The well-known architects’ works began to dominate the built environment some
extent, resulting in multiple yet still mainly modernist approaches applied in the
increasing number of facilities. For example, while Dalokay and Çiper brought their
own modernist style to the city, Bozkurt and Ersin embraced rather a regionalist
approach in their modern designs.
The fact that Alanya was a Mediterranean coast town could have guided the search for
regionalist references in designs, which was also seen as a critical approach of modern
architecture. Nonetheless, the search was limited in the case in Alanya, and they did
not refer to the vernacular examples in the region. For instance, the arched window
openings and whitewashed walls were seen in various facilities, although they were
unrelated to the traditionally constructed residential buildings in the city in terms of
style, material, and use (Fig. 58). The Seljuk era inns and caravanserais in the periphery
constituted this type of openings, but this image was not fitting to the urban center
itself. This approach, however, was probably preferred as the “Mediterraneanized”
image of the city for the visitors and raised the value of a facility in the publicity, as in
the case of Alantur Motel. (Fig. 59)
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Figure 58. Photograph from the booklet published in 1987 titled
"Typical Mediterranean Style".
(Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Information
and Promotion, Turkey: The Turkish Riviera, 1987)
On the coastal resorts developed after the mid-20th century, e.g. St. Tropez in French
Riviera, Costa del Sol in Spanish Riviera, Soane expresses the market trends and
tourist’s pleasure motivated the designs of built environment which differs from the
resorts that evolved in the early 20th century, on the French and English coasts. By
mentioning the “sanitized surroundings”, they claim that the “local 'character' was
often deliberately introduced or re-created for the delight of guests […].” As a result,
high rise hotels and apartment blocks covered these settlements in almost a decade. 150
Comparing this tendency with the one in the case of Alanya, the local approaches in
150 John Soane, “The Origin, Growth and Transformation of Maritime Resorts since 1840”,
Built Environment Vol. 18, No. 1, Coastal Resort Development, (Alexandrine Press, 1992):
23.
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design practice were resembling in the Mediterranean resorts, which grew
contemporarily depending on tourism.
Figure 59. Views of Alanya; Alantur Motel was used as the modern image
of the city together with historical and natural views
(Postcard, Author’s Archive)
In the end, tourism facilities were the service industry goods, so that the styles and
images of hotels, motels, and summer houses were very much related to the trends of
the time. As it turned into a global trend, the society of consumption also brought the
postmodern approach to the coastal resort of Alanya towards the end of the 20th
century, while erasing the local or regional senses in design approach. In summary, it
is clearly not possible to define unified characteristics in the design of tourism-oriented
architecture in Alanya; it could only be concluded that the designs of facilities
followed contemporary trends in architecture and still always prioritized the
orientations of buildings in the attempt to face the Mediterranean Sea as much as
possible.
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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
In this study, it is questioned how tourism affected the built environment in Alanya in
the second half of the 20th century. Starting with the conceptual and historical
openings, the economic, social, political, and legal context of tourism in the world and
in Turkey are expressed to delineate the structure of the case study. Comparing to
contemporary tourism pattern in the world, the conclusion is to highlight how a coastal
resort town became a mass tourism destination as it expanded from the city center to
its periphery from the 1950s to the 1990s.
Regarding the thematic frame established in the second chapter, tourism-oriented
architecture of Alanya, a popular coastal tourism destination of “Turkish Riviera” is
surveyed in the third chapter. As the third chapter narrowed the scope down gradually
from Turkey to Alanya, it became possible to compare the process in Alanya to the
other tourism destinations. Following the history of tourism starting from the Grand
Tour expeditions to industrialization in the West, Turkey’s opening for mass tourism
concept correspond to the post-war era when, as in the so-called developed countries,
mass tourism was introduced through consumption-based economy with supports of
the governmental strategies for tourism.
Unlike many European resort towns developed in the early 20th century, coastal areas
were not easily accessible via the railways in Turkey. Instead, vacationing in summer
in the “Turkish Riviera” became a trend only from the 1950s on motorways began to
be constructed and as traveling by buses began to be widespread and simultaneously
personal automobile ownership began to increase in the country. In this regard, coastal
tourism initially developed in places that were located close to major cities.
Accordingly, during the research process, it became clear that the borders of coastal
9 4
towns gradually blurred while city centers grew along the route of tourism passing
through the resort towns of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey.
What stands out as an important point in the process of becoming a coastal resort in
the case of Alanya, was the development in transportation and communication issues,
as well. Before the D400 motorway’s construction in 1943, the city was rather isolated
from the neighboring settlements due to the topographic conditions. Considering that
the advertisements of the Damlataş Cave dates to the late 1940s, the recognition of
tourism rose in the following years of the construction of the motorway, and people
named it as “Tourist Route” at the time. This research shows that the developing land
network changed the social, economic, and urban awareness of the locals, who played
a significant role in the publicity and the built environment of the city.
The evolution of the types of tourism facilities in France and the United States was
mainly traceable, as in the example of urban hotels’ paving the way into motel
typology’s emergence in relation to parking needs of tourists with automobiles. This
evolution path is not as relevant to the situation in Alanya, considering that the
motivation of motels in Alanya was fairly benefiting from the motorway’s location
along the Mediterranean shoreline. It can be interpreted that, by borrowing the types
and vacation styles, an artificial modernity is encountered in architecture of the tourism
facilities in Alanya. This action of adapting to the contemporary trends via
accommodating the features was also appeared as very much parallel to Turkish
government’s approach, e.g. in the case of the unprecedented concept of Hilton Hotel,
İstanbul.
The attribution of the “Riviera” expression to the Turkish coasts of the Mediterranean
Sea was a part of the works on raising publicity, which also helped these areas to
develop in a rather planned process, especially in the major coastal cities. However, in
the peripheral settlements like Alanya, urban planning arrived later than becoming a
prominent tourist destination. The ever-increasing pattern of tourism industry in
Alanya from the 1950s to the 1980s caused a fast growth along the motorway and in
the central districts. Reaching to the 1990s, the city’s first urban plan of 1984 was just
approved while the infrastructural problems were increasing, damaging the already
9 5
developed tourism sector. As a result, the urban growth of Alanya was essentially
related to tourism, which transformed the city into a prominent coastal resort in only
four decades, although this rapid and unregulated development caused cracking in the
city’s revenue.
In the second half of the 20th century, trending types of tourism facilities in Alanya
were built in contemporary trending styles with touches of the architects’ design
approaches when relevant. Considering that the information about the examples
examined in this study were mainly taken from architectural periodicals and archives,
these instances show higher architectural quality facilities, which were found
remarkable either by the architects or the publishers. Regarding the hardship of
accessing to information about the well-known tourism facilities’ architecture and
architects, it can be inferred that the built environment’s value is still shaded by the
short-haul economic concerns. In addition, the absence of the presentations of
architectural qualities or history of the facilities as a feature to be experienced by
tourists supports this claim.
In the new millennium, the consumption-based tourism of the masses adapted itself by
improving the superficial image and lowering the qualities of the facilities to cover the
financial loss. In these terms, architecture plays the role of creating images for tourists
also in Alanya with the changing façades almost once in every decade or even sooner.
Some of the facilities mentioned in this study are facing the risk of being destructed,
as well.151 Hence, documenting and evaluating the initial process of the building
process for tourism industry in Alanya, it is hoped that this work can constitute a basis
for future studies about the tourism-oriented architecture, together with the growth and
image of the city.
Further, as contextualized in this study, gathering attention on the history and the built
environment of Alanya will hopefully contribute in embracing a more sustainable
151 See, for example: Oğuz Korum, “Alanya Palas Otel’e Veda Ederken,” Yeni Alanya
Gazetesi, (December 9, 2021); Yasin Araz, “Alantur için Yeni Dönem,” Yeni Alanya Gazetesi,
(January 5, 2018).
9 6
tourism model to conserve the multi-layered architectural and urban identity of this
heavenly resort town.
9 7
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10 8
APPENDICES
A. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF
ARCHITECTURE AND TOURISM IN ALANYA
Year
Event
Political Legal Tourism Built
Environment Infrastructure
1923
Establishment
of the
Travelers'
Association
(Seyyahin
Cemiyeti)
(renamed as
Touring and
Automobile
club of Turkey
in 1930)
1931 Construction of the bridge over the
Manavgat River
1933
Changing the
name of the
city from
Alaiye to
Alanya
1934
Establishment
of Turkish
Office (Türk
Ofis) which
had the
Tourism Desk
responsible for
tourism and
promotion
under the
Ministry of
Economy
1939
Foundation of
the Alanya
Elektrik Türk
Anonim Şirketi:
Aimed to provide
electricity from
hydraulic
systems to
support the
illumination and
heating of the
city, and
industrial
investments
1941 Construction of Antalya-Manavgat-
Alanya road
1943 Fire of the
governmental
10 9
building
(Hükümet
Konağı) at the
Taşpazarı
Square
1944
Construction of
a new
governmental
building
(Hükümet
Konağı)
1946
Dim River
irrigation project
by the General
Directorate of
State Hydraulic
Works (Devlet
Su İşleri - DSİ)
1947 Construction of a concrete small
vessel pier
1948
Discovery of
Damlataş Cave
which is the
first cave
opened for
tourism in
Turkey
1950
Takeover of the
pier from the
state to the
Alanya
Municipality
1950
Law for Encouragement of
Tourism Instutitions (5647
Turizm Müesseseleri Teşvik
Kanunu)
1951
Encouragements to touristic
propaganda of Turkey: tax cuts
on posting, postcards, envelopes,
and commemorative stamps
1951-
53
Restoration of
the Red Tower
1951
Competition for
Ziraat Bankası
Building
1952
Foundation of
Alanya
Tourism and
Promotion
Association
(Alanya
Turizm ve
Tanıtma
Derneği)
1957
Establishment of the Ministry of
Press, Publication, and Tourism
(Basın, Yayın ve Turizm
Vekaleti)
1959-
65
Antalya Regional Development
Project (Antalya, Isparta, Burdur)
(Antalya Bölgesel Gelişme Projesi)
1958
Opening of the
Ziraat Bankası
Building
1959
Mediterranean
Development
11 0
Survey (Akdeniz
Kalkınma Etüdü)
1960
Mediterranean
Basin Survey
Report by the
State Hydraulic
Works (DSİ)
(Akdeniz
Havzası Keşif
Raporu)
1960 Military coup
d'état
1960-
63
Designation of
İsmet Hilmi
Balcı as the
mayor and the
district
governor at
the same time
1962
Alanya
Tourism
Festival
1962
Publicity
works of
Alanya:
Weekly
articles and
photos about
the natural and
historical
beauties of the
city were
published in
İstanbul-based
newspapers.
Foundation of
Turkish-
German Amity
Association
(Türk-Alman
Dostluk
Derneği) by
İlhan Postalcı
Transformation of a gas storage in
Damlataş district into Alanya
Hotel.
1962
International
Tourism
Conference at
Alanya Port
Club (Alanya
İskele
Gazinosu)
(01.08.1962)
1963 Opening of Alantur Motel
Construction of
the fountain park
Construction of
Yeni Cami
Expropriation of
the open-air
market area
Reorganization
of the Çarşı
district and the
11 1
construction of
the new shops
Operation of the
wholesales
market located
in the Çarşı
district
Establishment of
a power plant
Establishment of
the fire
department
1963
Establishment of the Ministry of
Tourism and Publicity (Turizm
ve Tanıtma Bakanlığı)
1963-
67
The First Five-
Year
Development
Plan (I. Beş
Yıllık
Kalkınma
Planı)
1964 Opening of
Banana Motel
1966
Opening of
Panorama
Motel
1968-
72
The Second
Five-Year
Development
Plan (II. Beş
Yıllık
Kalkınma
Planı)
1968
Construction of
the wholesales
market
1969
Defninition of "Tourism
Development Area": Turkish
Riviera
1969 Concreting of the Müftüler Street
Project of the
State Hospital
with 100 beds
capacity
1971
Arrival of 450
tourists with
the Marmara
Ferry
1973-
77
The Third
Five-Year
Development
Plan (III. Beş
Yıllık
Kalkınma
Planı)
1973
Tourism boom
in Alanya in
April: Motels
were full; extra
tourists were
transferred to
houses and
nearby cities
11 2
1974
Foundation of
the small
industrial area
1974
Decision to erect
a monument for
Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk
1974
Additions to
the
Construction
Law (İmar
Kanunu) about
coastal regions
1974 Cyprus Peace
Operation
1978
Construction of sidewalk of the
Atatürk Street
1978
Establishment
of the
Municipality
of Alanya
Parks and
Gardens
Directorate
1979-
83
The Fourth
Five-Year
Development
Plan (IV. Beş
Yıllık
Kalkınma
Planı)
1980 Military coup
d'état
1982
Law for The Encouragement of
Tourism (no.2634) (Turizmi
Teşvik Kanunu)
1982
Opening of the
Monument of
Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk
1984
Coastal Law
(no.3086)
(Kıyı Kanunu)
1984-
89
Election of
Müstakbel
Dim for the
Mayor of
Alanya
Construction of
the bus terminal
Construction of
the 100. Yıl Park
and sports areas
for football,
volleyball, and
tennis
Hydraulic works:
125 km of the
drinking water
network,
construction of
water tanks
Expropriation of
the open-air
bazaar, wedding
11 3
ceremony hall,
bus station areas
1984 Approval of the first urban plan of
Alanya
1985-
89
The Fifth
Five-Year
Development
Plan (V. Beş
Yıllık
Kalkınma
Planı)
1986
Opening of the
Hospital
1986
Project of the
Municipality
Building,
designed by
Vedat Dalokay
(realized)
1986
Shoreline project
between the
Kızılkule and
the new
municipality
building,
designed by V.
Dalokay
(partially
realized)
1986
Project of the
wedding
ceremony hall
and shopping
center (realized)
1989 Illumination project of the Castle
area
1989-
1999
Election of
Cengiz
Aydoğan for
the mayor of
Alanya for
two
consequent
terms
1990
Population
census results:
58.629
1991
Organization
of the first
Triathlon
1992 Construction of the Alanya Highway
(Çevre Yolu)
1993
Traffic signalization of the Streets of
Hacet, Bostancıpınarı, Yaylayolu and
Alanya Lisesi
1993
Construction of
waste-water
treatment facility
1994
Ferry service
between
Turkish
Republic of
Northern
Cyprus and
Alanya
11 4
1994
Construction of
the Alanya
Cultural Center
1994
Organization
of the first
Alanya
Tourism,
fashion and
Music Festival
1994
Death of 49
tourists during
the year because
of the traffic
incidents at the
D400 motorway
1995
Decision to
eliminate the
excessive parts
of the buildings
and the
signboards of
the shops in the
city by the
municipal board
1995
100%
occupancy of
the tourism
facilities
1995
Start and stop of
the construction
of the Gazipaşa
Airport
1995
Opening of the
statue of
Kayqubad I at
the entrance of
the city
1996
Population
census results:
103.000
1996
Declaration of a reform package by
the municipality including pier
construction, drinking water supply,
elimination of the excessive parts of
the buildings
1997
"Betonya"
definition of the
local newspaper
Yeni Alanya
regarding the
given 131
construction
licences in the
last three months
in Alanya
1997
Approval of the
Northern Alanya
Urban Plan
1997
Start of the
construction of
the Dim Dam
1998
Loan for the construction of the
fourth part of the Antalya-Alanya
Motorway (D400)
11 5
1998
Population
census results:
128.000
1998 Opening of the Dim Cave
2000
Population
census results:
134.000
(center),
385.000 (total)
11 6
11 7
B. TURKISH SUMMARY / TÜRKÇE ÖZET
Bu tez, Alanya kenti örneği üzerinden yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısına odaklanarak
mimarlık ve turizm arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Yirminci yüzyılın ortasından
itibaren Alanya, “Türk Rivierası” olarak adlandırılan Akdeniz’in kuzeydoğu kıyısında
önemli bir turizm merkezi olmuştur. Çalışma, 1950’lerden 1990’lara uzanan zaman
aralığında inşa edilen turizm konaklama yapılarını araştırarak turizm mimarlığında
değişen yaklaşımları ve kentin bir kıyı tatil yöresine dönüşmesini değerlendirmektedir.
Dünya ekonomisinde büyük bir öneme sahip olup aynı zamanda geçtiğimiz yüzyılın
en karmaşık kavramlarından biri halini alan turizm, temel olarak ulaşım, iletişim,
coğrafya, politika, hukuk, gastronomi ve sağlık gibi birçok farklı alanla birlikte çalışan
bir ekonomik sektördür. Turizmin bütün olarak çalışma alanına girdiği ekonomi ve
coğrafya alanları, turizmi bir sanayi olarak ele alırken mimarlık ve kentsel çalışmalar
turizmin bağlamıyla daha çok ilişki kurmaktadır. Bunun yanında turizmin mimarlıkla
ilişkisi, diğer pratiklerden farklı bir boyutta karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Öyle ki yapılı
çevreyle ilgili parametreler, turizmin parametreleriyle örtüşmekte; turizmi etkileyen
konular direkt olarak kenti de etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada turizmin içeriğinin ve
bağlamının birlikte çalışılmasıyla bir mimarlık tarihi analizi yapılmış, elde edilen
kavramsal ve tarihsel veriler sonucunda Alanya kenti örneği ele alınarak
karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
Alanya’nın turizm mimarisiyle ilgili kaynakların sınırlılığının yanında Bizans ve
özellikle Anadolu Selçuklu dönemlerine ait kapsamlı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır.
Koruma ve restorasyon alanlarında, yerel yapım teknikleri ve mimarisi üzerine
Alanya’nın sivil mimarisini konu alan güncel akademik araştırmalar ve projeler
bulunmaktadır. Kentin tarihi ve folkloru üzerine de hatırı sayılır derecede çalışmalar
yapılmış, özellikle 1990’larda bu konular üzerine yapılan konferansların bildirileri
basılarak yayımlanmıştır. Akademik çalışmaların dışında yerel halkın anılarını,
hikayelerini ve fotoğraf arşivlerini paylaştığı kitap ve yayınlar ile araştırmalarının yer
11 8
aldığı gazete makaleleri, Alanyalıların kent yaşamlarındaki değişim ve gelişimini
anlatan önemli kaynakları oluşturmaktadır. Süreli yayınlarda ise ekonomi alanında
yayımlanmış sözlü tarih çalışmalarının da bulunduğu bir kısım yayının yanında
mimarlık dergilerinde de zaman zaman Alanya’da bulunan turizm yapılarından
bahseden makaleler yayımlanmıştır. Arkitekt ve Mimarlık dergileri bu anlamda ana
kaynakları oluşturmakla birlikte çok geniş bir külliyat sağlayamamakta, fakat yine de
yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısına dair bir turizm mimarisi okuması yapmak üzere
dönemin anlayış ve yaklaşımlarının değişimini devamlı olarak takip etmeyi mümkün
kılmaktadır. Kent çalışmalarında ise doğrudan Alanya kenti odaklı akademik
çalışmalar olmakla beraber, bu çalışmalarda turizmi merkeze koyarak bir kıyı tatil
yöresi olan Alanya’nın mimari ve kentsel değişimini inceleyen bir örnek
bulunmamaktadır.
Bu çalışmada turizm ve mimarlık ilişkisini incelemek üzere, öncelikle, kavramsal ve
tarihsel açılımlar yapılarak Alanya kentinin araştırılması için bir tartışma zemini
oluşturulmuştur. Turizmin tanımları, tarihsel gelişimi, türleri, mekanları ve yerlerinin
anlatıldığı ilk bölümde dünya genelindeki örneklere yer verilmiş, karşılaştırmalar
yapılmasına olanak sağlayacak veriler paylaşılmıştır.
Tartışmanın öncesinde turizm kavramını tanımlamak çalışma açısından önem arz
etmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü turizmi insanların kişisel veya
ticari/profesyonel amaçlarla olağan çevrelerinin dışındaki ülkelere veya yerlere
hareketini içeren sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik bir olgu olarak tanımlar. Doğasında
hareketliliği barındıran bu olgunun tarihteki gelişimi de seyahat olgusuyla paralellikler
gösterir.
Seyahat kavramı, sanayi ve teknolojideki değişikliklerle etkileşerek günümüzdeki
haline evrilmiştir. Sanayi devrimi; ekonomi, teknoloji ve buna bağlı olarak yaşam
tarzlarının çeşitlenmesini de beraberinde getirerek bu anlayış değişiminde önemli bir
nokta olmuştur. Bütüne bakıldığında, eğlence kültürü ve ticari faaliyetler turizm
eğilimlerini şekillendirmiş; bu değişim ise turizm için yeni sebepler ve dolayısıyla yeni
turizm biçimleri yaratmıştır.
11 9
Turizm farklı alanların ihtiyaçlarına göre değişik şekillerde sınıflandırılmış olsa da
turistlerin ilgi ve istekleri doğrultusunda yeni biçimler ve kombinasyonlar
deneyimlenebilmekte, yani sınıflandırmalar yapılabilmektedir. Bu noktada, mimarinin
turizmle ilişkisini inceleyebilmek adına bu çalışma mimarinin de söz sahibi olduğu
turizm kollarına odaklanmaktadır.
Mimari turizm ve kent turizmi, kentlerdeki mimari ürünlerin görülmesi ve tecrübe
edilmesi amacıyla yapılan seyahatleri kapsamakta, mimarinin turizmin amacı olarak
görev yaptığı biçimler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu durumda mimari bir
tüketilebilir malzeme, turizm ise bu tüketime neden olan gelip geçici bir olguyu
oluşturur. Bu bağlamda mimarinin turizm için bir sarf malzemesi değil de bir elemanı
olduğu bir açıyı bulmak, bu iki kavramın birlikteliğini daha iyi kavramaya olanak
sağlayacaktır. Bunun için mevcutta var olan bir yerleşimin turizme açılmasındansa
turizm ile var olan bir yerleşimin görülebileceği bir biçim incelenebilir. Bu anlamda
kıyı turizmi, hem mekânsal olarak kıyıların tanımlanmış olması hem de kendisi var
olabilmek için buralarda yeni mekanlar üretmeyi gerekli kılan bir biçim olarak kendini
göstermektedir.
Her ne kadar kıyı turizmi, tanımında nehir ve göl kenarlarını da barındırsa da bu
biçimin en sık ve en yoğun görüldüğü alanlar deniz kıyılarıdır. Kıyı turizminin tarihi
ele alındığında, yirminci yüzyılda İtalyan ve Fransız rivieralarının öncülük ettiği kıyı
turizmi eğilimi, aslında Sanayi Devriminin beşiği olan İngiltere’nin güney kıyı
kesimlerinde olmak üzere on dokuzuncu yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir. Yüzyılın sonlarına
doğru daha çok üst tabakadan İngiliz turistlerin tercih ettiği Fransa’nın Akdeniz
kıyıları, halihazırda İtalya’nın Akdeniz kıyılarına verilen isimden yola çıkılarak
“Fransız Rivierası” adını almış ve popüler bir tatil bölgesi haline gelmiştir.
Yirminci yüzyıla gelindiğinde ise Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası şartlarda tatil yapmak
bir ayrıcalık halini almıştır. Endüstri alanında çalışan sayısının artması ve yaşam
kalitesinin de bu minvalde düşmesinin getirdiği üzere turizm bir kırılma yaşamıştır.
Böyle bir zamanda, 1936’da Fransız hükümetinin çalışanlara ücretli izin hakkı
tanıması ile turizm, halkın daha çok katmanında kendine yer bulmuş, gelişen
demiryolları aracılığı ile de tatil yöreleri daha ulaşılabilir hale gelmiştir. Hükümetin
12 0
bu hakkı tanımasının yanında bu uğraklardaki yatırımları destekleyici bir politika
izlemesiyle Fransız Rivierası önemli bir gelişme kaydetmiştir.
Özellikle İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrasında turizm öne çıkan bir endüstri halini almıştır.
Bunun sebeplerinin arasında teknolojideki gelişmeler önemli bir yer tutmuştur.
Özellikle iletişim ve ulaşım alanında yaşanan gelişmeler savaş sonrası nispeten daha
sakin bir ortamla buluştuğunda insanların turizm için daha fazla zaman ve kaynak
ayırdıkları görülmüştür. Hareketliliğin daha kolay hale gelmesi ve iletişim araçlarının
reklam ve tanıtım için kullanılması Akdeniz kıyılarında tatil yapma modasını,
devamında da gruplar için turlar organize edilmesiyle kitle turizmini beraberinde
getirmiştir. Araştırmacıların aktardığı üzere, ilk zamanlardaki kültür ve öğrenme
odaklı turizmin yerine bu dönemden itibaren güneş-deniz-kum (sun-sea-sand)
üçlüsünün hakim olduğu görülmüştür. Kıyılar bu durumdan etkilenmiş, yeni turizm
yöreleri oluşmuş, mevcut bazı kentler turizm ekseninde büyümüşlerdir.
Turizmin ilk zamanlarından itibaren turizm odaklı yapılı çevreye bakıldığında,
konaklama yapılarının gelişimini ve değişimini incelemek kentlerin turizm sebepli
değişimiyle ilgili veriler sağlayabilmektedir. Bu süreç, ilk konaklama yapıları olarak
sayılabilecek hanlar ve kervansaraylarla başlamaktadır. Bu ilk tipler, ticaret ve hac
yolları üzerinde seyahat edenlerin güvenli bir yerde geceyi geçirme ihtiyaçlarını
karşılamak üzere inşa edilen, binek hayvanlarının da barındığı yapılar olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır.
Otel, Latince “ağırlamak” anlamına gelen hospes kelimesinden türemiş, han ve
kervansaraylarla benzer şekilde “kalınacak yer” anlamını kazanmıştır. On altıncı
yüzyılda görülen ve hanlarla benzerlik gösteren Fransız kasaba evlerinin (hôtel) ortak
alan kullanımının farklılaşmasıyla kent otellerine dönüştüğü iddia edilmektedir.
Doğuda ve batıda erken örnekleri görülen bu konsept, günümüze dek daha birçok türe
evrilerek turistlerin farklı talepleri doğrultusunda gelişmiş ve çeşitlenmiştir. Tatil
köyleri, ticari oteller, lüks oteller (palaslar), pansiyonlar, temalı oteller, butik oteller
bu alt türlerdendir.
12 1
Tarihe bakıldığında 1700’lerin sonlarından itibaren kentlerin yüksek gelirli
kesimlerinin de kullanımı ile lokanta, eğlence odaları ve balo salonları barındırmaya
başlayan bu oteller, ulaşım imkanlarının gelişmesiyle farklı noktalara taşınarak
talepler doğrultusunda özelleşmişlerdir. Değişen talepler özelinde bakıldığında deniz
kıyılarına yapılan kısa süreli kaçamaklar, iş gezileri, demiryolu aktarmaları ve kültür
turları ilerleyen yüzyıllarda zamanın ruhuna uyarak bu çeşitlenmeyi şekillendirmiştir.
Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında karayolları ağlarının gelişmesinin ve otomobil ile seyahat
etmenin yaygınlaşması nedeniyle kentlerdeki kimi otellerde otopark binaları
yapılmasına yol açmıştır. Her tesisin böyle bir imkanı sunamaması durumunda ise
otomobil park etmek bir sorun haline gelmiş, kent dışındaki yollar boyunca
konumlanan yalnızca şoförlerin geceyi geçirmek ve dinlenmek üzere kullandığı
moteller, daha fazla yer olanağı sağladığından turizme de hizmet etmeye
başlamışlardır.
Bu dönemde otomobil ile tatil yapma eğiliminin getirdiği bir diğer tip ise kamp alanları
olmuştur. Bu alanlar için konaklama yapıları gerekmese de kampçıların barınma
dışındaki temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilen mokamplar da bir niş tip olarak “motor” ve
“kamp” konseptlerinin birleşmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu konseptin yapıları da
moteller gibi otoyolların kenarlarında konumlanmış, benzin istasyonlarıyla birlikte
planlanmıştır.
Kısa süreli konaklama yapılarının yanında ikinci evler (tatil evleri veya yazlıklar) de
yirminci yüzyılda varlıklı Avrupalılar arasında sıkça görülmeye başlanan bir konsept
olarak kendini göstermektedir. Bu konsept turizme tam anlamıyla katılmasa da turizm
yerleşimlerinin ve yapılarının gelişmesinde etkili olmuştur. Apartman dairelerinden
düşük yoğunluklu yapı topluluklarına kadar çeşitlenen tatil evleri, havuzlar, tenis
kortları, spor alanları ve diğer ortak alanlar gibi farklı imkanlar barındırabilmektedir.
Bu konsept ikinci ev sahipleri için her ne kadar tatil planlama ve rezervasyon için
uğraşma işlerini rafa kaldırmış olsa da turizm imkanlarının kısıtlanması söz konusu
olmuş, bunun için alternatif aranmıştır. Devremülk kavramıyla karşılan bu alternatif
arayışında ev sahipleri tatil evlerini farklı dönemler için farklı kullanıcıların
12 2
kullanımına sunmuş, yalnızca bu konsept üzerinden gelişen yapı toplulukları da
kurulmuştur.
Yirminci yüzyılın sonlarında kitle turizminin etkinliği ve talepleri doğrultusunda daha
büyük ölçekli ve birçok konsepti bir arada sunan kompleksler ve tesisler kurulmuş, bu
tesisler hükümetlerin ekonomi stratejileri doğrultusunda sağladığı teşvikler yoluyla
hızlı şekilde yayılmıştır. Yirminci yüzyıla odaklanıldığında, turizm ve mimarlık
ikilisinin sosyal, politik, ekonomik ve teknolojik değişimlere paralel olarak karşılıklı
bir etkileşim içinde bulunduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Yapılan bir çalışmada, kentsel form, altyapı, imaj, restorasyon ve yenileme açısından
turizmin yapılı çevre üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır; buna göre, bir yerleşim yeri
turizm hareketliliğine maruz kaldığında şehrin sınırlarında; yerleşim ve sanayi
bölgeleri programlarında; yollar, kaldırımlar, banklar vb. gibi kentsel mobilyalarda
değişimler görülebilmektedir. Bir şehrin imajı, daha yoğun bir yapılı çevreye neden
olan turizm nedeniyle altyapının yanı sıra peyzajın geliştirilmesi ve yeni mimari
tarzların görülmesi anlamında değişebilmektedir. Bunu takiben, daha önceki
bölümlerde kronolojik olarak incelenen turizm mimarisinin ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi
ile ilgili tartışmalar, Alanya’daki kentsel büyüme ve turizm mimarisinin tasarım
yaklaşımlarındaki değişiklikler ile karşılaştırılarak bir adım daha ileri götürülmüştür.
Alanya'nın merkez ve çevre bölgelerindeki kıyı kitle turizmi, turistik konaklama
tesislerinin sayı ve büyüklük olarak artmasına neden olmuş, bu durum mimarlar ve
turizm hizmet çalışanları için de bir istihdam fırsatı olarak yansımıştır. Yazın çok
sayıda turist kenti ziyaret ederken, turizm sektörü çalışanları ve onların ailelerince bu
sektörden geçimlerini sağlamak için kente bir göç gerçekleşmiştir. Yeni belediye
binası ve sahil şeridi planlaması ile kentsel işlevlerdeki, ekonomideki ve imajdaki
değişikliklerle birlikte Alanya, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında bir kıyı tatil yöresi
haline gelmiştir.
Alanya’daki turizm mimarisine bakıldığında ise tesisler üzerinden bir okuma yapmak
mümkün olmaktadır. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında Sanayi Devrimi'ni izleyen modern
mimarlığın zirvesi olarak düşünüldüğünde, tasarım pratiğinde binaların işlevselliği ön
12 3
planda tutulmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde olduğu gibi, 1920'lerin ticarete
dayalı şehir otelleri, iş adamlarının yanı sıra turistleri de ağırlayacak şekilde
dönüşmüştür. Bu yeni kentsel otel konsepti, Davidson tarafından bir "hizmet
makinesi" olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu dönemde tüketim temelli ekonomilerin yeni otel
konseptini desteklemesinden dolayı konaklama mekanlarının tasarımı, bir “hizmet
makinesi” olmanın getirdiği yenilikleri karşılamak üzere modern mimarinin işlevselci
yaklaşımına göre tasarlanmıştır.
Modern mimarlık Türkiye’de de yirminci yüzyılın başlarında görülmeye başlanmış ve
savaş sonrası dönemde yüzyılın sonlarına kadar alana hakim olmaya devam etmiştir.
Mimarlık dergisinde Kazmaoğlu ve Tanyeli’nin makalesinde mimarlık pratiğinin
bağlamı araştırılmış, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından yine yirminci yüzyılın
sonlarını kapsayan süre üç gruba ayrılarak 1950-1960 yılları arası “kamulaştırmalar
ve inşaatlar dönemi”, 1960-1980 yılları arası “planlama dönemi” ve 1980'ler-1990’lar
“mimarlığa karşı artan bir farkındalık dönemi” olarak incelenmiştir. Özellikle beş
yıllık planlar başta olmak üzere turizmle ilgili siyasi ve yasal düzenlemelerle birlikte
bu gruplama değerlendirildiğinde turizm mimarisi ile genel mimari çevrenin paralel
bir şekilde geliştiği ve değiştiği görülmektedir.
Alanya örneği özelinde turizm mimarisine bakıldığında, bu çalışmada incelenen
turistik konaklama binalarındaki tasarım yaklaşımı, hükümetin ekonomi stratejileri ve
politikaları ile ilişkilidir. Turizm mimarisi 1950'ler ve 1960'larda daha çok şehir
merkezinde gerçekleştirilen küçük yatırımlarla başlamıştır. Şehir merkezindeki erken
dönem konaklama tesisleri oldukça işlevsel yapılar olarak inşa edilmiştir. Tophane
mahallesinde örnekleri görülen yerel mimariden farklı olarak, Alanya’nın ilk otelleri
Alanya Palas, Otel Plaj ve Otel Alanya, savaş sonrası döneminin mimari diline uygun
olarak en basit haliyle otel odaları bulunan modern bloklar olarak karşımıza
çıkmaktadır.
1960'lardan itibaren Alanya'nın dışına doğru daha büyük kapsamlı ekonomik
girişimler gözlenmiştir. Bu tesisler daha çok otoyol boyunca yer almakla birlikte,
özellikle D400 karayolu ile deniz arasındaki parseller tercih edilmiştir. “Turistik yol”
boyunca uzanan moteller, çoğunlukla yerel mimarlar ve inşaatçılar tarafından dönemin
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benzer işlevselci yaklaşımı ve modernist dili ile inşa edilmiştir. Bu tasarımlarda
ağırlıklı olarak önem verilen konu tesis tarafından sağlanan imkanlardır. Ayrıca,
zamanın çağdaş üslup anlayışlarının benimsenmesi, tanıtımda etkili rol oynamış,
örnek olarak Alanya'nın kartpostallarında tarihi ve doğal unsurların yanı sıra şehrin
modern yüzünü temsil eden Alantur Motel'in fotoğrafları kullanılmıştır. Alantur
Motel'in tasarımı, çağdaşı olan diğer örneklerle karşılaştırıldığında, Alanya'nın ilk
motellerinin, Akdeniz'e bakan balkonlu, kübik birimlerden oluşan odaların bulunduğu
bloklar halinde inşa edildiği, yapım teknikleri ve tasarımları açısından bu örneklerin
birbirine benzediği görülmektedir. Yaz günlerinde güneşe maruz kalma nedeniyle aşırı
ısınma riskini önlemek için farklı örneklerde üstü tam veya yarı kapalı balkonlar ile
üstü kapalı teraslar kullanılmıştır. Deniz yönüne bakmayan cepheler, ortak alanlar ve
misafir odaları arasındaki sirkülasyon için kullanılmıştır.
Alanya'da turizm sektörünün gelişmesi, 1960'lı yılların başından itibaren Beş Yıllık
Kalkınma Planları ve 1982 yılında Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu'na bağlı olarak hükümetin
uyguladığı turizm politikaları ile hızlanmıştır. Tesislerin değeri artmış, özellikle
1980'ler ve 1990'lar boyunca kıyı boyunca gerçekleşen genişleme süresince daha
nitelikli yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Bu süreçte Alanya turizm sektöründe mimarlar ve
mimarlık önem kazanmış olduğu söylenebilir. Tesislerin tasarım özellikleri, daha
önceki işlevselci niyetlere kıyasla daha fazla önem kazanmıştır.
Otellerin çoğalması şehrin çehresini bir tatil yöresine dönüştürürken, farklı ölçeklerde
ve tasarım yaklaşımlarında inşa edilmiş çeşitli tesislerle karşılaşılmaktadır. Tanınmış
mimarların eserlerinin, yapılı çevreye bir miktar hakim olmaya başladığı ve artan
sayıda tesiste uygulanan çok sayıda ancak yine de esas olarak modernist yaklaşımlarla
sonuçlandığı görülmektedir. Örneğin Vedat Dalokay ve Danyal Çiper kente kendi
modernist üslubunu getirirken, Cafer Bozkurt ve Nejat Ersin modern tasarımlarında
daha çok bölgeselci (regionalist) bir yaklaşımı benimsemişlerdir.
Alanya'nın bir Akdeniz sahil kenti olması, modern mimarinin eleştirel bir yaklaşımı
olarak da görülen, tasarımlarda bölgeselci bir referans arayışına dönüşebilecek
potansiyeli taşımakta iken örneklerin sınırlı sayısı ve bölgedeki yerel örneklere atıfta
bulunulmaması nedeniyle Alanya turizm mimarisi bölgeselci yönüyle karşımıza
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çıkmamaktadır. Örneğin, kemerli pencere açıklıkları ve beyaz badanalı duvarlar,
kentte geleneksel olarak inşa edilen konut binalarıyla stil, malzeme ve kullanım
açısından ilgisiz kalmaktadır. Çevredeki Selçuklu dönemi hanları ve kervansarayları
bu tür açıklıkları barındırmasına rağmen, kent merkezinde bu özellikleri taşıyan
yapılar görmek mümkün değildir. Bu yaklaşım muhtemelen turistler için kentin
“Akdenizli” imajı yaratması için bilinçli olarak tercih edilmiş ve Alantur Motel
örneğinde olduğu gibi tesislerin tanıtımındaki değerlerini yükseltmiştir.
Günün sonunda turizm tesisleri hizmet sektörünün birer unsuru olduğundan otel, motel
ve yazlık evlerin tarzları ve görüntüleri zamanın trendleriyle çok ilgili şekilde
tasarlanmıştır. Tüketim kültürü, küresel bir akıma dönüşürken, tasarım yaklaşımında
yerel ya da bölgesel duyuları silerek, yirminci yüzyılın sonlarına doğru tatil yöresi
Alanya'ya postmodern yaklaşımı da getirmiştir. Özetle, Alanya'da turizm odaklı
mimarinin tasarımında bir birlik görülebilecek özellikler tanımlamak açıkça mümkün
değildir; ancak tesis tasarımlarının mimarideki çağdaş eğilimleri takip ettiği ve yine
de mümkün olduğunca Akdeniz'e bakma girişiminde binaların yönelimlerine her
zaman öncelik verdiği sonucuna varılabilir.
Sonuca gelindiğinde turizm ve mimarlık ilişkisinin kavramsal çerçevesinin anlatıldığı
bölümlerin devamında, Alanya'daki sürecin diğer turizm kentleriyle karşılaştırılması
mümkün hale gelmektedir.
Türkiye’nin İkinci Dünya Savaşında fiilen yer almamasına karşılık, dünyadaki
ekonomik ve sosyal değişimlerden etkilendiği söylenebilir. Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci
yarısında turizmin gelir potansiyeli üzerine çalışmalar yapan ve bu sektöre kalkınma
planlarında önemli yer veren Hükümet, 1940’lardan itibaren gelişen karayolları ağı ile
turizmin pekişmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Batı'daki Büyük Tur (Grand Tour)
seferlerinden sanayileşmeye uzanan turizm tarihini takiben, Türkiye'nin kitle
turizmine açılması kavramı da Batı’nın tüketim odaklı politikalarıyla paralel olarak
savaş sonrası döneme denk gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye ve Batı’daki turizm
dinamikleri karşılaştırılabilir olgulardır.
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Avrupa’da yirminci yüzyılın başlarında gelişen birçok tatil beldesinin aksine,
Türkiye'de kıyı bölgelerine demiryolları ile kolay bir erişim bulunmamaktadır. Bunun
yerine yaz aylarında “Türk Rivierası”nda tatil yapmak moda haline gelmiş, bu da
1940'lı yıllardan itibaren inşa edilen otoyollar ile sağlanan erişim imkanları ile
mümkün olmuştur. Otobüsle seyahatin yaygınlaşması ve aynı zamanda ülkede kişisel
otomobil sahipliği artmaya başlamasıyla da bu konsept gelişmiştir. Bu bağlamda kıyı
turizmi başlangıçta büyük şehirlere yakın yerlerde gelişmiştir. Buna göre, araştırma
sürecinde, Türkiye'nin Akdeniz kıyılarındaki tatil beldelerinden geçen turizm rotası
(D400) boyunca şehir merkezleri büyürken, kıyı kentlerinin sınırlarının giderek
bulanıklaştığı da gözlemlenmiştir.
Alanya özelinde de tatil yöresi olma sürecinde önemli bir nokta olarak öne çıkan,
ulaşım ve iletişim konularındaki gelişmelerdir. D400 otoyolunun 1943 yılında
yapılmasından önce, şehir topografik koşullar nedeniyle komşu yerleşimlerden
oldukça izole edilmiş durumdadır. Damlataş Mağarası'nın iddia edildiği üzere astım
hastalarına iyi geldiğinin duyurulmasının 1940'lı yılların sonlarına ait olduğu
düşünülürse, otoyolun yapımını takip eden yıllarda turizmin bilinirliği artmış ve yol,
o dönemde yerel halk tarafından “Turistik Yol” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu araştırma,
gelişen arazi ağının, kentin tanıtımında ve yapılı çevrede önemli bir rol oynayan yerel
halkın sosyal, ekonomik ve kentsel farkındalığını değiştirdiğini göstermektedir.
Otomobil ile seyahat eden turistlerin park ihtiyaçlarıyla ilgili olarak şehir otellerinin
motel tipolojisinin ortaya çıkmasına yol açması örneğinde olduğu gibi, Fransa ve
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki turizm tesisi tiplerinin evrimi takip edilebilir bir
devamlılık içermektedir. Alanya'daki motellerin ortaya çıkmasının sebebinin otoyolun
Akdeniz kıyı şeridindeki konumlanışı ile ilişkilendiği düşünüldüğünde, Batı’daki
evrim Alanya'daki durumla benzeşmemektedir. Bu durum, Alanya'daki turizm
tesislerinin ortaya çıkışında ve bu tesislerin mimarisinde, tatil türleri ve tarzları
anlamında dışarıdaki örneklerden yararlanan yapay bir modernite ile karşılaşıldığı
şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Bu örnek alınan özellikleri kullanarak çağdaş eğilimlere
uyum sağlama eyleminin, söz gelimi İstanbul Hilton Oteli'nin benzeri görülmemiş
konseptinde olduğu gibi, Türk hükümetinin o dönemki yaklaşımlarına paralel olarak
ortaya çıkmış olduğu gözlemlenmektedir.
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1950’lerin sonunda “Riviera” ifadesinin Akdeniz'in Türkiye kıyılarına da atfedilmesi,
özellikle büyük kıyı kentlerinde bu alanların daha planlı bir süreç içinde gelişmesini
sağlamayı amaçlayan tanıtım çalışmalarının bir parçası iken, Alanya gibi büyük
merkezlerin dışında kalan daha küçük ölçekli yerleşimlerde, kent planlaması bir turizm
merkezi haline geldikten daha sonraki bir zamana tarihlenmiştir. Alanya'da
1950'lerden 1980'lere kadar sürekli büyüyen turizm endüstrisi, otoyol boyunca ve
merkez mahallelerde hızlı bir büyümeye neden olmuştur. Kentin ilk imar planı ancak
1984 yılında onaylanmıştır. 1990'lı yıllara gelindiğinde plansız büyümenin getirdiği
sorunlardan biri olarak kentteki altyapı sorunları artmış ve bu da turizm sektörüne
zarar vermiştir. Sonuç olarak, Alanya'nın kentsel büyümesi, esas olarak, şehri yalnızca
kırk yılda önde gelen bir sahil beldesine dönüştüren turizme bağlı olarak
gerçekleşmiştir, ancak bu hızlı ve düzensiz gelişme kentin turizm gelirinde de bir
kırılmaya neden olmuştur.
Mimariye bakıldığında, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, Alanya'da çok tutulan
turizm tesislerinin çoğunlukla çağın getirdiği tarzlarda, kimi zaman mimarların kendi
belirlediği tasarım yaklaşımlarından dokunuşlarla tasarlandığı görülmektedir. Bu
çalışmada incelenen örneklerle ilgili bilgilerin ağırlıklı olarak mimari dergilerden ve
arşivlerden alındığı düşünülürse, bu örnekler daha yüksek mimari niteliklere sahip
olup gerek mimarlar gerekse yayıncılar tarafından dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. Önde
gelen turizm tesislerinin mimarisi ve mimarları hakkında bilgiye ulaşmanın zorluğuna
bakıldığında, kısa vadeli ekonomik kaygıların yapılı çevrenin niteliklerini ve değerini
gölgede bıraktığı söylenebilir. Ayrıca tesislerin mimari niteliklerinin veya tarihin
turistlerin deneyimleyebileceği bir özellik olarak sunulmaması da bu iddiayı
desteklemektedir.
Yirmi birinci yüzyıldaki kitlelerin tüketime dayalı turizmi bağlamında, Alanya’daki
birçok tesis maddi kaybı karşılayabilmek adına görüntülerini yüzeysel anlamda
değiştirerek ve hizmet niteliklerini düşürerek kendini düzene adapte etmiştir. Bu
anlamda mimari, neredeyse her on yılda bir, hatta daha erken değişen cepheleriyle
Alanya'da da turistler için imaj yaratma rolü oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada adı geçen
bazı tesisler de yıkılma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Bu nedenle, Alanya'da turizm
endüstrisinin oluşma sürecinin başlangıcını belgeleyen ve değerlendiren bu
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çalışmanın, kentin büyümesi ve imajı ile birlikte turizm odaklı mimari hakkında
gelecekteki çalışmalara temel oluşturabileceği umulmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada
bağlamsallaştırıldığı gibi, Alanya'nın yapılı çevresi üzerine dikkat çekmek, bu kıyı tatil
yöresinin çok katmanlı mimari ve kentsel kimliğini korumak için daha sürdürülebilir
bir turizm modelinin benimsenmesine katkıda bulunması ümit edilmektedir.